Multiple Alleles Means that there is more than 2 alleles that control a trait 3 or more alleles Blood types are an example of multiple alleles in humans Blood Types There are 4 types of blood ID: 589209
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Slide1
Traits Controlled byMultiple Alleles
Means that there is more than 2 alleles that control a trait. (3 or more alleles)Blood types are an example of multiple alleles in humansSlide2
Blood Types
There are 4 types of blood:Type AType BType ABType OSlide3
What does it mean to have a certain type of blood?
When we talk about types of blood, people can have any of the four types. When we stay that a person has a certain type of blood, we are saying that their red blood cells have a specific marker or I.D. on them that the body can recognize.This marker or I.D. is called an antigen.RBC are important because they carry oxygen to all areas of our body.Slide4
Type A blood
For example, if a person was to have type A blood, their red blood cells would have A antigens covering their RBC.RBC
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
ASlide5
Type B Blood
For example, if a person was to have type B blood, their red blood cells would have B antigens covering their RBC.RBC
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
BSlide6
Type AB
For example, if a person was to have type AB blood, their red blood cells would have A and B antigens covering their RBC.There is no such thing as an AB antigen. There is only A and B.RBC
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
ASlide7
Type O
Type O blood is special. People have no antigens on their RBC when they have type O blood.You can think of the O as a zero, for zero antigens.RBCSlide8
Antibodies
An antibody is a protein in the body that “reads” antigens and determines if they are foreign, do not belong, or native, belong in the body. If it recognizes the antigen as native, it leaves it alone. If it recognizes it as foreign, it will destroy the ENTIRE cell.In our bodies, we can make 2 types of antibodies that will attack and destroy RBCs.A antibodies – attack and destroy RBCs with A antigensB antibodies – attack and destroy RBCs with B antigensSlide9
Blood Types and the Antibodies They Produce
If you have type A blood, your RBCs have A antigens. You will only make B antibodies. The reason for this is that B antibodies do not attack and destroy cells with A antigens, so your body will not destroy its RBCs.If you have type B blood, your RBCs have B antigens. You will only make A antibodies. The reason for this is that A antibodies do not attack and destroy cells with B antigens, so your body will not destroy its RBCs.If you have type AB blood, your RBCs have A and B antigens. You will make no antibodies. The reason for this is that you have both antigens. If you made either A or B antibodies, they would attack and destroy your RBCs.If you have type O blood, your RBCs have no antigens. Therefore, your body considers ANY antigen to be foreign, and it makes both A and B antibodies.Slide10
Why is it important to know what antibodies you make?
It is important to know your blood type and therefore the antibodies you make incase you need a blood transfusion. If you are given the wrong type of blood, your antibodies will attack an destroy the new RBCs that you are being given. This will form clumps in your blood. If you are given enough of the wrong blood, you could die.Slide11
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received fromBlood Types that can
be donated toSlide12
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received fromBlood Types that can
be donated to
ASlide13
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received fromBlood Types that can
be donated to
A
BSlide14
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received fromBlood Types that can
be donated to
A
B
ABSlide15
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received fromBlood Types that can
be donated to
A
B
AB
OSlide16
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received fromBlood Types that can
be donated to
A
B
AB
OSlide17
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
AB
OSlide18
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
AB
OSlide19
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
AB
A
and
B
OSlide20
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
AB
A
and
B
O
NoneSlide21
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
B
AB
A
and
B
O
NoneSlide22
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
B
A
AB
A
and
B
O
NoneSlide23
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
B
A
AB
A
and
B
None
O
NoneSlide24
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
B
B
A
AB
A
and
B
None
O
None
A
and
BSlide25
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
B
B
A
AB
A
and
B
None
O
None
A
and
BSlide26
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
B
B
A
B
and
O
AB
A
and
BNone
O
NoneA
and BSlide27
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
B
B
A
B
and
O
AB
A
and
BNone
A, B, AB, and O
O
NoneA and
BSlide28
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
B
B
A
B
and
O
AB
A
and
BNone
A, B, AB, and O
O
NoneA and
BOSlide29
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
A
and
AB
B
B
A
B
and
O
AB
A and B
NoneA, B, AB,
and O
ONone
A and B
OSlide30
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
A
and
AB
B
B
A
B
and
O
B and AB
ABA
and BNone
A, B, AB, and O
O
NoneA
and BOSlide31
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
A
and
AB
B
B
A
B
and
O
B and AB
ABA
and BNone
A, B, AB, and O
ABO
NoneA
and BOSlide32
Type of Blood
Antigens on RBCAntibodies Produced in BloodBlood Types that can be received from
Blood Types that can
be donated to
A
A
B
A
and
O
A
and
AB
B
B
A
B
and
O
B and AB
ABA
and BNone
A, B, AB, and O
ABO
NoneA
and BO
A, B, AB, and OSlide33
Blood Typing
If someone is in an accident and needs blood, the hospital would quickly run a blood typing test on that individual.They do this by mixing the patient’s blood with different antibodies. If they were to mix the patient’s blood with A antibodies, and it was to clot, it would tell the hospital that the patient has type A antigens and therefore, type A blood.If there is no time to waste, a patient would be given O- (O negative) blood, because there are no antigens to interact with any antibodies the patient might have.Slide34
Blood Type Alleles
In blood types, both A and B are dominant over O. But A and B are not dominant over each other. They are both expressed simultaneously. They are co-dominant.AllelesA = IAB = IBO= ioSlide35
Possible Genotypes
Blood Type AIA IA or IA ioBlood Type BIB I
B
or I
B
i
o
Blood Type AB
I
A
I
B
Blood Type O
io
ioThe only way to be type AB blood is to have an allele for type A and an allele for type B.
The only way to be type O blood is to have two alleles for type O.Slide36
Rh Factor
The Rh factor is what determines if you have positive or negative blood. If you have the Rh factor, you have positive blood, because you are Rh positive. (A+, B+, AB+, and O+)If you do not have the Rh factor, you have negative blood, because you are Rh negative.
(A-, B-, AB-, and O-)
Rh
is another type of antigen.
If you are
Rh
positive, you DO NOT make
Rh
antibodies.
If you are
Rh
negative, you DO make
Rh
antibodies. This is due to the fact that, the
Rh antigen is foreign, and your body will want to destroy it.
Therefore, people with negative blood, can ONLY receive blood from other people with negative blood, as long as the blood type matches; however, people with positive blood can receive from people with either positive or negative blood, as long as the blood type matches.