The ozone layer is destroyed by ozonedepleting substances ODS when those chemicals are released into the atmosphere and then react with the ozone molecules Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major impacts on life and nature including skin ID: 914049
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Slide1
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Slide2Introduction
The ozone layer is destroyed by ozone-depleting substances (ODS) when those chemicals are released into the atmosphere and then react with the ozone molecules.
Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major impacts on life and nature, including skin cancer and cataracts and weakened immune systems.
It also can damage terrestrial plant life, including crops, and aquatic ecosystems.
Slide3VIENNA CONVENTION AND MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the
Ozone Layer was signed on 22 March 1985
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed on 16 September 1987.
The Montreal Protocol is the most successful multi-environment agreement.
The Protocol has the Universal Ratification
.
Slide4AMENDMENTS TO THE PROTOCOL
London Amendment (1990)
Inclusion of additional controlled substances (CFCs, Methyl Chloroform, CTC, etc)
Inclusion of HCFCs as transitional substances
Establishment of Financial Mechanism-Multilateral Fund
Ten year Grace Period for Article 5 Parties
Copenhagen Amendment (1992)
Inclusion of HCFCs, HBFCs and Methyl Bromide as controlled substances
Montreal Amendment (1997)
Licensing system put in place
Beijing Amendment (1999)
Bromo
-Chloromethane added as controlled substance for immediate phase-out.
Production Control of HCFCs
Slide5Scope of Protocol
The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 1987 to control the production and consumption of specific man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, the earth’s protective shield.
An agreement /mechanism to reduce and eliminate the production and consumption of ODS
Developed and developing countries have different phase out schedules
Slide6Ozone depleting substances (ODS)
Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone layer
Contain chlorine or bromine atoms
Have long atmospheric life
Examples:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-12 (aka R-12 or F-12)
Halons
(
Bromochlorofluorocarbons
) e.g.
Halon
1301
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl chloroform
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) e.g. HCFC-22 (aka R-22 or F-22)
Hydrobromofluorocarbons
(HBFCs)
Bromochloromethane
Methyl bromide
Slide7Phasing out ODS
Parties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and phase out their production and consumption of ODS according to a specific step-wise schedule.
- Approaches:
Production Control
Consumption Control
Trade, Import, export and
reimport
control
Adaptation to Ozone Friendly technology
Phase-out Mandates of the Montreal Protocol
Ozone depleting Substance
Consumption = Imports + production – Exports
developed Country
(
Article 2 Parties) (this schedule will be applicable for
USA CANADA
Article 5 Parties
developing Country
(Mexico)
CFCs
100% phase out
Jan. 1st, 1996
Base level: 1995-97
Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 1999
50% Cut-2005
85% Cut-2007
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010
Halons
100% phase out
Jan. 1st, 1994
Base level: 1995-97
Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 1999
50% Cut-2005
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010
Methyl Bromide
Phase out 2005
Base level: 1995-98
Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 2001
20% Cut-2005
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2015
Slide9HCFC The schedule for Article 2, Developed countries is:
Schedule
Year
CAP .. Base line
1989
30%
2004
75%
2010
90% by
2015
Phase out by
2020
Allowing 0.5% for servicing
2020-2030
and thereafter, consumption restricted to the servicing of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning equipment existing at that date.
Slide10The HCFC schedule for Article 5 (developing) countries is:
Schedule
Year
Baseline
1989
HCFC Consumption +2.8 percent of 1989 CFC Consumption
Average of 2009 and 2010
Freeze
2013
reduction of 10%)
2015
reduction of 35%
2020
reduction of 67.5%
2025
Annual average of 0.5%
2030 to 2040
reduction of 100 %
2040
Slide11Well known benefits of Montreal Protocol
Large decreases in CFC production (90%) and emissions (60-90%)
Concentrations also decreasing
Increases for HCFCs and HFCs
Slide12Well known benefits Montreal Protocol (2)
Emerging evidence of start of ozone layer recovery
Full recovery around 2050
Polar regions 10-25 years later
Recovery can be affected by:
Future production CFCs, HCFCs
Production methyl bromide
Emissions from existing equipment
Interaction with climate change
Slide13Montreal Protocol provided
dual
protection:
to Ozone layer
and
to Climate change
Climate benefits
already achieved larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012
Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto
Reason: CFCs, HCFCs are greenhouse gases Large GWPs:
-
CO
2
: 1
- CFCs: 4,000 – 11,000
- HCFCs: 700 – 2,300
Slide14Decrease in production of CFCs
1974: Molina and Rowland: CFCs affect the ozone layer
- Public concern drop production
~1980: Increase in production:
- New applications
- Growth in Asia and Europe
1987: Montreal Protocol:
- Restricting prod/use CFCs, halogens
2010: Global production stop CFC
Slide15Effect on ozone layer
Mid-latitude: EESC back to 1980-levels around 2050
Polar region: EESC back to 1980-levels around 2065:
Older age of air in polar vortex
Large ozone depletion without Montreal Protocol and amendments
Slide16Effect on Climate
CO
2
emissions
World avoided by the Montreal Protocol
Reduction Montreal Protocol of ~11 GtCO
2
-eq/yr
5-6 times Kyoto target
(incl. offsets: HFCs, ozone depl.)
Slide17Conclusions
Montreal Protocol provided
dual
protection:
to Ozone layer
and
to Climate change
Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012
Montreal Protocol: delay in CO
2
-forcing of ~10 years
Montreal 2007 adjustment:
Emissions reduced by 12-15 GtCO
2
-eq (depends on replacements)
Ozone layer recovery ~3 years earlier
Slide18Continue….
Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto Protocol targets (2008-2012):
Better containment in refrigeration
Destruction of CFCs, HCFC in exiting refrigerators, foams
Alternatives with lower GWPs
Slide19Without the Montreal Protocol by 2050
Ozone depletion would have reached to at least 50 % in the northern hemisphere’s mid latitudes 70% in the southern mid latitudes
Doubling on the UV-B radiation reaching earth’s surface
Estimated increases of
19 million more cases of non-melanoma cancer
1.5 million more cases of melanoma cancer
130 million more eye cataracts
Slide20THANK YOU