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MONTREAL PROTOCOL Introduction MONTREAL PROTOCOL Introduction

MONTREAL PROTOCOL Introduction - PowerPoint Presentation

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MONTREAL PROTOCOL Introduction - PPT Presentation

The ozone layer is destroyed by ozonedepleting substances ODS when those chemicals are released into the atmosphere and then react with the ozone molecules Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major impacts on life and nature including skin ID: 914049

ozone protocol production montreal protocol ozone montreal production phase consumption layer cfcs 1st hcfcs jan climate benefits methyl substances

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Slide1

MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Slide2

Introduction

The ozone layer is destroyed by ozone-depleting substances (ODS) when those chemicals are released into the atmosphere and then react with the ozone molecules.

Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major impacts on life and nature, including skin cancer and cataracts and weakened immune systems.

It also can damage terrestrial plant life, including crops, and aquatic ecosystems.

Slide3

VIENNA CONVENTION AND MONTREAL PROTOCOL

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the

Ozone Layer was signed on 22 March 1985

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed on 16 September 1987.

The Montreal Protocol is the most successful multi-environment agreement.

The Protocol has the Universal Ratification

.

Slide4

AMENDMENTS TO THE PROTOCOL

London Amendment (1990)

Inclusion of additional controlled substances (CFCs, Methyl Chloroform, CTC, etc)

Inclusion of HCFCs as transitional substances

Establishment of Financial Mechanism-Multilateral Fund

Ten year Grace Period for Article 5 Parties

Copenhagen Amendment (1992)

Inclusion of HCFCs, HBFCs and Methyl Bromide as controlled substances

Montreal Amendment (1997)

Licensing system put in place

Beijing Amendment (1999)

Bromo

-Chloromethane added as controlled substance for immediate phase-out.

Production Control of HCFCs

Slide5

Scope of Protocol

The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 1987 to control the production and consumption of specific man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, the earth’s protective shield.

An agreement /mechanism to reduce and eliminate the production and consumption of ODS

Developed and developing countries have different phase out schedules

Slide6

Ozone depleting substances (ODS)

Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone layer

Contain chlorine or bromine atoms

Have long atmospheric life

Examples:

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-12 (aka R-12 or F-12)

Halons

(

Bromochlorofluorocarbons

) e.g.

Halon

1301

Carbon tetrachloride

Methyl chloroform

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

(HCFCs) e.g. HCFC-22 (aka R-22 or F-22)

Hydrobromofluorocarbons

(HBFCs)

Bromochloromethane

Methyl bromide

Slide7

Phasing out ODS

Parties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and phase out their production and consumption of ODS according to a specific step-wise schedule.

- Approaches:

Production Control

Consumption Control

Trade, Import, export and

reimport

control

Adaptation to Ozone Friendly technology

Slide8

Phase-out Mandates of the Montreal Protocol

Ozone depleting Substance

Consumption = Imports + production – Exports

developed Country

(

Article 2 Parties) (this schedule will be applicable for

USA CANADA

Article 5 Parties

developing Country

(Mexico)

CFCs

100% phase out

Jan. 1st, 1996

Base level: 1995-97

Freeze in Consumption:

Jan 1st, 1999

50% Cut-2005

85% Cut-2007

Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010

Halons

100% phase out

Jan. 1st, 1994

Base level: 1995-97

Freeze in Consumption:

Jan 1st, 1999

50% Cut-2005

Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010

Methyl Bromide

Phase out 2005

Base level: 1995-98

Freeze in Consumption:

Jan 1st, 2001

20% Cut-2005

Phase out: Jan. 1st 2015

Slide9

HCFC The schedule for Article 2, Developed countries is:

Schedule

Year

CAP .. Base line

1989

30%

2004

75%

2010

90% by

2015

Phase out by

2020

Allowing 0.5% for servicing

2020-2030

and thereafter, consumption restricted to the servicing of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning equipment existing at that date.

Slide10

The HCFC schedule for Article 5 (developing) countries is:

Schedule

Year

Baseline

1989

HCFC Consumption +2.8 percent of 1989 CFC Consumption

Average of 2009 and 2010

Freeze

2013

reduction of 10%)

2015

reduction of 35%

2020

reduction of 67.5%

2025

Annual average of 0.5%

2030 to 2040

reduction of 100 %

2040

Slide11

Well known benefits of Montreal Protocol

Large decreases in CFC production (90%) and emissions (60-90%)

Concentrations also decreasing

Increases for HCFCs and HFCs

Slide12

Well known benefits Montreal Protocol (2)

Emerging evidence of start of ozone layer recovery

Full recovery around 2050

Polar regions 10-25 years later

Recovery can be affected by:

Future production CFCs, HCFCs

Production methyl bromide

Emissions from existing equipment

Interaction with climate change

Slide13

Montreal Protocol provided

dual

protection:

to Ozone layer

and

to Climate change

 Climate benefits

already achieved larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012

Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto

Reason: CFCs, HCFCs are greenhouse gases  Large GWPs:

-

CO

2

: 1

- CFCs: 4,000 – 11,000

- HCFCs: 700 – 2,300

Slide14

Decrease in production of CFCs

1974: Molina and Rowland: CFCs affect the ozone layer

- Public concern  drop production

~1980: Increase in production:

- New applications

- Growth in Asia and Europe

1987: Montreal Protocol:

- Restricting prod/use CFCs, halogens

2010: Global production stop CFC

Slide15

Effect on ozone layer

Mid-latitude: EESC back to 1980-levels around 2050

Polar region: EESC back to 1980-levels around 2065:

Older age of air in polar vortex

Large ozone depletion without Montreal Protocol and amendments

Slide16

Effect on Climate

CO

2

emissions

World avoided by the Montreal Protocol

Reduction Montreal Protocol of ~11 GtCO

2

-eq/yr

5-6 times Kyoto target

(incl. offsets: HFCs, ozone depl.)

Slide17

Conclusions

Montreal Protocol provided

dual

protection:

to Ozone layer

and

to Climate change

Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012

Montreal Protocol: delay in CO

2

-forcing of ~10 years

Montreal 2007 adjustment:

Emissions reduced by 12-15 GtCO

2

-eq (depends on replacements)

Ozone layer recovery ~3 years earlier

Slide18

Continue….

Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto Protocol targets (2008-2012):

Better containment in refrigeration

Destruction of CFCs, HCFC in exiting refrigerators, foams

Alternatives with lower GWPs

Slide19

Without the Montreal Protocol by 2050

Ozone depletion would have reached to at least 50 % in the northern hemisphere’s mid latitudes 70% in the southern mid latitudes

Doubling on the UV-B radiation reaching earth’s surface

Estimated increases of

19 million more cases of non-melanoma cancer

1.5 million more cases of melanoma cancer

130 million more eye cataracts

Slide20

THANK YOU