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2001-2014: Lessons Learned 2001-2014: Lessons Learned

2001-2014: Lessons Learned - PowerPoint Presentation

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2001-2014: Lessons Learned - PPT Presentation

Canada in Afghanistan Presentation by Derakhshan QurbanAli Defence Diplomacy and Development to Danger Distrust and Disaffection A review of lessons learned from Canadas war in Afghanistan and its effect on Canadian ID: 159294

war afghanistan taliban canada afghanistan war canada taliban government forces canadian military kandahar 2001 support nato afghan security qaeda

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Slide1

2001-2014: Lessons Learned

Canada in Afghanistan

Presentation by: Derakhshan Qurban-AliSlide2

Defence, Diplomacy, and Development” to “Danger, Distrust and Disaffection”A review of lessons learned from Canada’s war in Afghanistan and its effect on Canadian defence policy from 2001-2014.”Slide3
Slide4

Soviet War in Afghanistan 1979-1989Slide5

Civil War in Afghanistan 1992-1995Slide6

Taliban Rule in Afghanistan 1996-2001Slide7

9/11 and the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001Slide8

Canada in Afghanistan 2001-2014

158 Canadian soldiers killed2000 wounded$18 billion spent

Canada needs

to ask: what lessons can be learned from this engagement? Slide9

Questions

What were the structural constraints Canada faced going into the mission?What were the mistakes Canada made through the course of the Afghan mission?

What should Canada learn from this?Slide10

OUR MISSION

BEFORE MANLEY: "It was crystal clear from the start that there was no strategy for the mission...no clear articulation of what they wanted to achieve, no political guidance and few forces

. It was abysmal

.”

Our

reasons justifying Canada’s engagement in Kandahar:

to

take part in “an international response to the threat to peace and security inherent in al Qaeda’s terrorist attacks;

to

support the United Nations;

to

support NATO;

and

to promote and protect “human security in fragile states.”

Slide11

The Manley Report 2008

Canada's engagement has been guided by clear Canadian priorities with two main objectives: (Manley 53)1. Providing the necessary security to allow development to take place in southern Afghanistan; and2. Supporting the Afghanistan government in establishing good governance and in building a better life for its citizens.Slide12

Taliban Controlled AreasSlide13

The Civilian-Military Divide

"Civilians can never trust the military leadership, not because they are not trustworthy, but because they have a fundamentally different world view.” Janice Stein and Eugene Lang,

The

Unexpected

War: 9Slide14

Canada Peacekeeping MythSlide15

“STEPPING ON A LANDMINE”: WAS COUNTER-INSURGENCY IN KANDAHAR A MISTAKE? Slide16

Bamiyan: A Better Option?Slide17

Afghanistan Ethnic DemographicsSlide18

Regional SecuritySlide19

Pashtuns and PakistanSlide20

Pakistan’s support for the Taliban

“No guerrilla movement that has had a set of sanctuaries — let alone the active help of a powerful military like Pakistan’s — has ever been eliminated” Fareed Zakaria, CNN Analyst (2012)Slide21

Who Are the Taliban?Slide22

Addressing GrievancesWhy are locals joining the Taliban?

ANP (Afghan National Police) AbusesCorruptionPoppy Crop EradicationAir Strikes80000 internally displaced people as a result of NATO air strikesPovertySlide23

Taliban, Afghan Government, or Al-Qaeda member?

Wahabi IslamistWas the first one to invite Osama bin Laden to take refuge in Afghanistan following his 1996 expulsion from SudanDuring the Afghan civil war, financed by Saudi Arabia to mobilize Arab volunteers for the Mujahedin forcesClose relationship with militant groups such as Al-QaedaAccused of knowingly assisting suicide bombers to assassinate Northern Alliance leader, Ahmad Shah

Massoud

Established a terrorist training camp in Pakistan used by Al Qaeda and other Islamic militant groups

His forces slaughtered, burned, and raped their way through a Shi’ite

neighbourhood

in Kabul during the Civil War

Oppressor of womenSlide24

Government Official! Abdul

Rasul SayyafAs of 2007, Sayyaf is an influential member of Parliament

Calls for amnesty for former

mujahideen

Candidate for the 2014 Presidential elections

Came in fourth place

Received 7% of vote

Won Kandahar province as part of the

Islamic

Dawah

Organization of AfghanistanSlide25

Taliban, Afghan Government, or Al-Qaeda member?

Controls a militia of several thousand menControls drug-smuggling routes Participated in civilian massacresKnown for torturing prisonersWidespread human rights abusesWidely fearedEtc…Slide26

Government Official and Canadian ally!

General Abdul RaziqProvincial Police Chief in Kandahar

US and NATO ally

Frequent partner of Canadian Forces in Kandahar in fight against the TalibanSlide27

UNSAVORY ALLIES: “THE ENEMY OF MY ENEMY IS MY FRIEND”

The Manley Panel made a clear distinction between the Canadian forces and the combatants they were fighting: “Afghanistan is at war, and Canadians are combatants. It is a war fought between an elected, democratic government and a zealous insurgency of proven brutality.” Reality is not as black and whiteSlide28

NATO Strategy and Losing “Hearts and Minds”Slide29

A War on Three Fronts

War on PovertyWar on TerrorWar on DrugsCanada and NATO can not win these wars through arms and military forceA diplomatic and political solution is the only viable and sustainable solution that takes into account everyone’s grievances and includes everyone at the negotiating tableSlide30

Shortcomings & Lessons to Learn

1. Lost legitimacy and lacked the ability to distinguish ourselves from the forces we were fighting

By supporting corrupt warlords

 

Detainee crisis

Support of a corrupt government regime

Losing popular support (burning poppy crops & air raids)

2. Not understanding the cultural and historical legacy of Afghanistan before engaging in

Kandahar;

both domestic and

international factors

Trusting

Pakistan

Not understanding the tribal, ethnic, and historical tensions in AfghanistanSlide31

Brief Conclusions

In order to successfully execute nation-building and counter-insurgency efforts in a country like Afghanistan, Canada needs to address the civilian-military divideleverage

its unique diplomatic

capabilities

develop

a greater understanding of the geopolitical, historical, and ethnic factors involved in a given regional security complex, and

consistently

uphold the tenets of Canada’s human rights standards in military conduct abroad.

Slide32

Something to reflect upon…

“Sitting on straw mats in the mud structure that serves as a guesthouse, drinking green chai made from goat's milk, the village elders ask the Western visitor if the West will stay this time. Swatting flies away, the Western visitor insists that he and the other Westerners are here for the "long haul." The elders exchange knowing looks; they have heard this before and were abandoned. The international community needs to provide the Afghans the opportunity to prove the promise.”Slide33