AP European History Art and Literary - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

AP European History

Art and Literary

Movements

Between 1450 and 1648Slide2
Italian Renaissance = 15th

centuryThe Italian Renaissance promoted new values such as

individualism

and

secularism. However religious images continued from the medieval era. However, an emphasis on depicting an anatomically correct human body as opposed to the flat images of medieval art, now framed in Greco-Roman architecture, revealed the new Renaissance values of individualism and humanism, which sought to glorify man. This was a revival of Greek art which was often framed in Greek and Roman architecture. Ideal beauty, heroic males and nudes, Rivalry between Italian city-states and the oligarchs that ruled some such as the Medici family of Florence or the despot rulers, such as the Sforza family of Milan or the Popes of the Papal State, all commissioned works of art to promote personal, political and religious goals.

Boticelli’s

The Birth of Venus, 1484Commissioned by the Medici family, pagan mythology, secular, humanistic in its glorification of the female body, nudes went against Christian morality and will be attacked by Savonarola.

Brunelleschi’s Dome

1440-61 in Florence revived Roman architecture

Donatello’s

David

1430-32 (left) and Michelangelo’s

David

1501 (right) to show Florence’s strength among competitive city-states.

Both are nudes, and a secular glorification of manSlide3
Italian Renaissance

Raphael’s

The School of Athens

, 1510 – 1511, commissioned by Pope Julius II, the “warrior pope.” Roman arches and Greek columns frame Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato, other thinkers throughout.

Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512, commissioned by Pope Julius II, includes scenes from the Old Testament, glorification of man in depiction of human body, nudes, creation of Adam, humanistic.

Leonard Da Vinci’s

The Last Supper 1495-98, commissioned by the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza

Symmetry and balance achieved with the architecture which frames Christ in the middle.

Leonardo Da Vinci’s La

Gioconda, 1500s, The Mona LisaSecularism, portraitsSlide4
Northern Renaissance = 16th

centuryRefers to any place north of the Alps

While Italian Renaissance artists looked to classical antiquity (Greek and Roman forms) for inspiration, the Northern Renaissance artists looked to

nature

. And while the Italian Renaissance focused on depicting ideal beauty, Northern Renaissance painters focused on common peasants with lifelike features and depicted them with unflattering honesty. Others focused on prosperous citizens. Jan Van Eyck’s. Many were Flemish, from Flanders, present-day Belgium.

Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s 1567 The Peasant Wedding, everyday peasants eating and drinking at a wedding in a gluttony-like fashion.

Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s Fight Between Carnival and Lent, 1559. Carnival, a time when human weaknesses could be displayed in a socially acceptable manner right before the period of Lent began where penance was done in atonement for sins. Depicts Catholic traditions among commoners during the time of the Protestant Reformation when Catholic traditions were being challenged.

Jan van Eyck’s

Arnolfini

Wedding, 1434 believed to be an Italian merchant and his wife in the city of Bruges. Lots of symbolism, for example the dog represents fidelity in a marriage, her large stomach represents fertility. This may have represented everyday life, a private marriage ceremony and the painting may have been used as a marriage certificate.Slide5
Northern Renaissance: Contextualizing Rembrandt’s painting = 17

th century

Rembrandt’s

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr.

Nicolaes Tulp

, 1632, commissioned by some of the doctors in the painting, members of the Surgeon’s Guild in Amsterdam. Most patrons of the art in Holland were wealthy middle class Calvinist burghers. Public dissections of a cadaver would not have been allowed in a Catholic town.

Scientific Revolution:

William Harvey, English physician who in the early 1600’s explains the circulation of blood in the body

Scientific Revolution

:

Andreas Vesalius, a Flemish doctor, famous for diagraming the human body in the 1540s.Slide6
Mannerism = 16th century

In between Italian Renaissance and Baroque

A movement that reacted against the perfection, symmetry and harmony of Italian Renaissance art by replacing harmony with dissonance, reason with emotion and reality with imagination, all in an effort to be original. They exaggerated the ideal beauty by seeking instability instead of equilibrium. Figures and bodies are

twisted, distorted, elongated

or grossly muscular. Mannerist art reflects the era marked by disorder when Rome was sacked by the armies of Charles V in 1527, the event that is used to mark the end of the Italian Renaissance era and, Spain and the Catholic church had lost its authority due to the Reformation.

El Greco’s

Resurrection

, 1597-1604Ridiculously elongated hands and slender figures were a hallmark of Mannerism. El Greco was the nickname of Domenikos Theotocopoulos, a Greek artist living in Spain. Spain at the time was in the religious frenzy of the Counter Reformation and the Inquisition so El Greco’s surreal, emotionally intense paintings reflect this era of extreme zealotry.

Tintoretto’s

The Last Supper, 1594Slide7
Baroque (1600 -1750)

Very ornate and busy. Light was often used to achieve maximum emotional impact. Baroque artistic movement is usually associated the Catholic popes financing cathedrals and grand works to display their faith’s triumph after

the Counter Reformation

and to attract new worshipers by overwhelming them with “must-see” architecture, an to teach mystical experiences without the need for literacy. From Italy it spread to France where

absolute monarchs ruled by divine right and spent much on glorifying themselves and building palaces designed to impress visitors with power and grandeur. Wealth flowing from the colonies funded Louis XIV’s Versailles, which reflects Baroque architectural style. Another example of Baroque architecture is Bernini’s design of the piazza at St. Peter’s Cathedral, mean to show maternal, embracing arms, welcoming pilgrims. However, Baroque styles differed. Unlike Catholic Flanders, in Protestant lands such as in England and Holland where religious imagery was forbidden, paintings tended to be still lifes, portraits, landscapes and scenes from daily life. Patrons of art were not only prosperous merchants eager to show off their affluence but middle-class burghers buying pictures for their homes.

Palace at Versailles, France

Bernini’s St. Peter’s square

St. Peter’s Basilica, ItalySlide8
Italian Baroque = Catholic

Caravaggio’s Supper at Emmaus, 1601.

Italian Baroque, he secularized religious art by making saints and miracles seem like ordinary people and everyday events. Here he shows the moment the apostles realized their table companion was the resurrected Christ. They push back chairs, throw back arms and topple a bowl off the table. Used a ark tone and dramatic lighting.

Artemisia Gentileschi’s

Judith and Maidservant with the Head of

Holofernes

, 1620. FlorenceBased on a Biblical story where Judith, a Jewish woman kills, Holofernes, an Assyrian general, about to destroy her home.

Bernini’

s The Ecstasy of St. Theresa

, 1645-52. Designed to overwhelm the emotions with drama and passion. The Counter Reformation stressed the value of reliving Christ’s passion and Bernini tried to induce this intense religious experience of St. Teresa who is pierced by an angel with divine love.Slide9
Baroque in Flanders – another Catholic region

The Southern Netherlands (present-day Belgium) called Flanders remained Catholic after the Reformation so Flanders was dominated by the monarchy and the

Catholic

Church.

Peter Paul Rubens from Antwerp was the main Baroque artist. He was a court painter for rulers of Italy, France, Spain, England and Flanders. In The Descent from the Cross, dramatic lighting against an ominous dark sky offers a spot light on Christ, eliciting a powerful emotional response.

Peter Paul Ruben’s

The Landing of Marie de Medici at Marseilles, 1621. Commissioned to paint a series of paintings commemorating the life of the Queen of France and her husband. This is when Queen Marie arrives at Marseilles where she would marry Henry IV. She was the daughter of Catherine de Medici who ruled as regent for her sons during the French Religious Wars.

Baroque in France – another Catholic stateSlide10
Baroque in England

Anthony van

Dyck

was a Flemish artist who became the court painter to Charles I of the Stuart Dynasty (the one who was beheaded during the English Civil War). Van Dyck specialized in flattering portraits of elegant aristocrats posing informally to give the portrait new liveliness. He transformed the frosty official images of royalty into real human beings. Charles I was stubby and plains but he became a dashing cavalier king, standing on a knoll like a warrior surveying the battlefield in this painting. Charles I at the Hund, 1635.

William Hogarth

represents a different type of English Baroque art. Although English art was limited to almost portraits since it was a Protestant state and religious themes were forbidden, Hogarth now reflects the upheaval in England with Charles I losing his head and Oliver Cromwell destroying church art. Hogarth strayed by using art as a social critic on society. Inventing a new genre, the comic strip, a sequence of anecdotal pictures that made fun at the foibles of the day. In portraits he refused to prettify the subject. In Breakfast Scene, 1745, a bride admires the groom her father’s dowry has purchased while he looks gloomy and hung over. The clock with its hands past noon suggests a sleepless night of debauchery.Slide11
Baroque in The Netherlands – Dutch Baroque

Though Holland shared its southern border with Flanders, culturally and politically the two countries could not have been more different. While Flanders was dominated by the monarchy and the Catholic Church,

Holland

, or

The Netherlands, was an independent, democratic, Protestant (Calvinist) country. Religious art was forbidden in the severe, whitewashed churches and the usual sources of patronage, the church, royal court and nobility, were gone. The result was a democratizing of art in both subject matter and ownership. Artists, for the first time, were left to the mercy of the marketplace. Fortunately, the prosperous middle class became patrons. Dutch art flourished from 1610 to 1670.. Its style was realistic and its subject matter was common place. This was the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.

Rembrandt’s

, The Nightwatch, 1642. Amsterdam

Commissioned by the Amsterdam civil guard as a portrait of the group whose purpose was to protect the city as guardsmen. It was commissioned to hang in the guild hall to help promote civic pride and duty. This painting reflects the Dutch Golden Age before its naval wars with Britain and France.Slide12
Baroque in Spain

Baroque in Spain is best defined by the works of Diego Velazquez who was the court painter for the Habsburg ruling family. Instead of the highly ornamental French Baroque, Velazquez was the master of realism in how he depicted the world as it appeared to his eyes. He humanized the stiff, formal court portrait tradition by setting models in more natural poses without fussy accessories. He preferred understatement to ostentation and realism to idealism.

Velazquez’s Las

Meninas

(The Maides of Honor), 1656. The royal portrait of the five-year old princess Margarita, attended by her ladies in waiting and two dwarfs. In the middle is a mirror reflection of the king and queen, in the background is a full-length portrait of a court official on the steps. He was the court painter for King Philip IV.