What is the propagandistic message of this artwork How is this message visually communicated Roman Government and Art Context Review Appropriation Captive Greece made Rome Captive Pragmatism Where the greatest good and popular opinion established the standard of art ID: 529858
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Slide1
DEFINE PROPAGANDA
What is the propagandistic message of this artwork? How is this message visually communicatedSlide2
Roman Government and Art Context Review
Appropriation: “Captive Greece made Rome Captive”Pragmatism: Where the greatest good and popular opinion established the standard of art
Propaganda: Power and authority of the Republican and Imperial rulers / empires
Utilitarianism: engineering, road building, public works to manage government and Empire
Eclecticism: A tolerant and open-minded approach to differences
Engineering: New technological innovations in building including arch, vault, dome and concreteSlide3
Four Roman Contributions to Architecture
Building for use – a shift from religious building to engineering for practical/public use, problems and entertainmentDeveloping the arch and vault
– increase in scale
Emphasis in verticality
– made possible by use of concrete, multi-use facilities like the forum market place
Design of significant interiors
– Romans treated the play between light and space as significant architectural elementsSlide4
THE MANY USES OF THE ARCH
Dome
Cross Vault
Arch
Barrel VaultSlide5
The Pantheon
What are the facts? (F)Architect:
NA
Patron:
Emperor
Hadrian
Title:
The
Pantheon
Date: 120 CE
Period/Style: High EmpireSize: MonumentalFindspot:
RomeSlide6
There is very little ancient commentary on the Pantheon
No one knows who designed it or why Hadian had the bronze lettering placed on it recognizing Agrippa as the builder of an earlier temple on the siteNo one knows what sculptural work actually filled the niches – usually assigned to planetary deities
Pediment sculptures are completely lost and we don’t know what the forecourt looked like or how it affected how people approached the building
We do not know the exact function of the buildingSlide7
This building is nearly 2,000 years old and has gone through significant changes. What types of changes do you think occurred to the building that have stripped it from its original context?
It became Santa Maria della Rotund in 609 CE. Scultpures
of the new faith replaced the oldSlide8
The Pantheon: Group Discussion 5 Minutes
Group 1: Discuss questions 1, 2 and 3Group 2: Discuss questions 4 and 5
Group 3: Discuss questions 6 and 7Slide9
Who was Hadrian?
Chosen successor of TrajanA fellow
S
paniard
Lover or art
Traveled to Greece – his portrait is reminiscent of Pericles – a classical depiction of a mature bearded man
We see his interest of Greek architecture reflected in the Pantheon but also a departureSlide10
What type of floor plan is the Pantheon
CENTRALIZED – based upon the circle
Single, unified and uninterrupted space with
niches
for sculpture
This type of plan was not new to Romans – it was used for their public baths and Nero’s Golden house
The
proprtions
of the Pantheon are “harmonic” – echoing Plato’s idea of the harmony of the universe
NicheSlide11
What is the structure or engineering system?
A poured concrete rotunda
Based
upon
intersection of a
vertical
and horizontal
circle
A drum and dome supported by relieving arches imbedded in thick walls serving as a buttressing system
Weight lessened by the coffers and decreasing size of the dome shell as it risesSlide12
THE MANY USES OF THE ARCH
Dome
Cross Vault
Arch
Barrel VaultSlide13
How did one enter the building?
A colonnaded courtyard would have led the Romans into the portico, from which the ascended steps into the once elevated buildingSlide14
Describe the interior space
The vast interior space can be imagined as the orb of the earth and the dome as the vault of the heavens
Divided into 3 levels:
1
st
level is defined by columns and niches – vertical columns fasten us to the ground
2
nd
level is the drum – it’s solidity upholds the dome of the heavens. Square windows lessen it’s solidity
3
rd
level the dome and oculus – the coffered pattern, decreasing in size, leads the eye to the oculus which lets in dramatic light. The decreasing size also make the dome feel lighterThe floor is patterned with squares. The overall scheme is a harmonious integration of circles and squaresSlide15
How is the interior embellished or decorated?
Marble interior. Exterior rotunda originally covered in marbleBronze stars would have originally adorned each coffer – likening it to a heavenly sky
The lighting from the oculus, which would have illuminated the the 7 planetary deities like a heavenly searchlight adds a dramatic flare that embellishes interior spaceSlide16
How does one move around the interior space
CIRCUMBULATION: Circulate the vast interior space – niche to nicheUninterrupted circular path is a Roman invention
Circular shape and use of natural light from the open oculus Encloses people without imprisoning themSlide17
What is the function of this building? How do the visual qualities convey this function?
RELIGIOUS FUNCTION: The universal sphere
(
the earth) is connected to the cosmos beyond
by a perfect circular
oculus Dome is an image of the cosmos for contemplation.
IDEAL WORLD ORDER: Organized, unified and harmonious like government
GOVERNMENT FUNCTION:
Space for Roman Senate Meeting – symbolic of meeting in harmony.
Emporer
would have ruled religion and state. It is suggested that the portico would have had a sculpture of Augustus and the interior sculpture would have included a statues of Julius CaesarSlide18
HW QUESTIONS
WHY IS THE WORK SIGNIFICANT – HOW DOES IT SPEAK FOR IT’S TIME / GENERATION?
In what way do the visual qualities of
the building
reflect the culture’s social,
r
eligious and /or political values of the time, or the chief concerns of this time?