First Aid Health Sciences 2 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

First Aid

Health Sciences 2

Chapter 16

Created by Dana Cashion

Slide2

16:1 Providing First Aid

Immediate care given to the victim of an accident or illness to minimize the effect of injury or illness until experts can take

over

It is not full and complete treatment

Correct first aid can be difference between life and death

Slide3

Basic Principles of Providing First Aid

Remain calm and avoid panic

Evaluate situation thoroughly

Have a reason for anything you do

Treatment you provide will vary depending on type of injury or illness, environment, others present, equipment or supplies on hand, and availability of medical help

Slide4

First Steps

Recognize that an emergency exists

Use all senses to detect

problems

Listen for unusual sounds

Look for unusual sights

Sometimes signs of emergency are obvious

(car accident) and

at other times they are less

obvious (empty pill bottle and drowsy infant)

Slide5

Next Steps

Check the scene and make sure it is safe to approachWhat to observe (live electrical wires)If not safe, call for medical helpDo not endanger your own life or lives of bystandersIf safe, approach the victimCall emergency medical services (EMS) as soon as possible

Slide6

Next Steps

If possible, obtain the victim’s permission before providing any care

Triage if

necessary (multiple victims)

Check for other injuries

Obtain as much information as possible before you proceed

Slide7

General Principles

Obtain qualified help Avoid any unnecessary movement of the victimReassure the victim Use a confident, calm attitude to help relieve victim’s anxietyAvoid giving the victim anything to eat or drink

Slide8

General Principles

Protect the victim from cold or chilling,

but avoid overheating

Work quickly in an organized and

efficient manner

Do not make a diagnosis or discuss

condition with observers at scene

Slide9

General Principles

Maintain confidentiality and protect the victim’s right to privacy while providing treatment

Make every attempt to avoid further injury or harm

Provide only the treatment you are qualified to provide

Slide10

16:3 Providing First Aid for Bleeding and Wounds

Wound is an injury to soft tissues

Open: break in skin or mucous membranes

Closed: no break in skin or mucous membranes,

but injury occurs to underlying tissues

Wounds can result in bleeding, infection,

and/or

tetanus

First aid goals are controlling bleeding before it leads to death, and to prevent or treat infection!

Slide11

Classifications of Open Wounds

Abrasion-skin scraped

Incision-cut with sharp object

Laceration-tearing by force

Puncture-sharp object

Avulsion-tissue torn or separated

Amputation-body part separated

Slide12

Controlling Bleeding

First priority because victim can bleed to death quicklyBleeding can come from arteries (spurts), veins (slow,steady), or capillaries (oozes)Observe standard precautions

Slide13

Controlling Bleeding

4 methods for controlling bleeding listed in order in which they should be used:

Direct pressure (on the wound)

Elevation (raise injured part above heart)

Pressure

bandages (use direct pressure and elevation)

Pressure on pressure

points (to main artery to arm or leg)

Slide14

Controlling Bleeding

After bleeding has been controlled, go for help

Do not disturb clots

Do not remove dressings

Do not clean wound

These actions may result in more bleeding

Slide15

Minor Wounds

First priority—prevention of infection

Wash your hands thoroughly before caring for wound

Put on gloves

Wash the wound with soap and water

Rinse the wound

Use sterile supplies

Slide16

Signs of Infection

Swelling

Heat

Redness

Pain

Fever

Pus

Red streaks

Slide17

Tetanus

Tetanus bacteria can easily enter an

open wound

Serious illness

Get tetanus shot or booster as needed

Slide18

Objects Embedded in Wound

Examples such as splinters, pieces of glass, or small stones

If superficial, gently remove

Objects embedded in tissues should be left and removed by physician

Slide19

Closed Wounds

Can occur anywhere on body

If bruise, apply cold application to

reduce swelling

Observe for signs of internal bleeding

Get medical help

Check breathing and treat for shock

Avoid unnecessary movement

No food or fluids

Slide20

16:4 Providing First Aid for Shock

Also called

hypoperfusion

Shock: clinical set of signs and symptoms that are associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially brain and

heart

If not treated, shock can lead to death

After 4-6 minutes, brain cells are damaged irreversibly

Causes of shock

Slide21

Causes of Shock

Hemorrhage

Excessive pain

Infection

Heart attack

Stroke

Poisoning

Lack of oxygen

Psychological trauma

Dehydration

Slide22

Types of Shock

8 Main types of Shock (Table 16-1) AnaphylacticCardiogenicHemorrhagicMetabolicNeurogenicPsychogenicRespiratorySeptic

Slide23

Shock

All types of shock impair circulation and decrease the supply of oxygen to body cell, tissues, and organs.

Slide24

Types of Shock

Slide25

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

Skin is pale or bluish-gray and cool or cold to the touchDiaphoresisRapid and weak pulseRespirations rapid, shallow, and may be irregularBlood pressure very low or unobtainable

Slide26

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

General weakness

Anxiety and extreme restlessness

Excessive thirst

Nausea and/or vomiting

Blurred vision or changes in appearance

of eyes

Slide27

Treatment for Shock

Goals of

treatment

Eliminating the cause

Improving circulation

Providing oxygen

Maintain body temperature

Positioning of victim

Maintain body temperature

Avoid food or drink

Other principles of care

Slide28

16:5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning

Can happen to anyone

Poison: any substance that causes a harmful reaction to the outside or inside of the body

Immediate action is needed

First aid varies depending on type of poison, injury involved, and the method of contact

Slide29

Ways Poisoning Occurs

Ingesting various

substances-victim vomit ONLY if PCC says to!

Inhaling poisonous gases

Injecting

substances (insect, spider, snake)

Contacting the skin with poison

Slide30

First Aid for Poisoning

If poison has been swallowed

Methods to induce vomiting

If poisoning by inhalation of gases

If poisoning by contact with skin

Contact with poisonous plants

If poisoning by injection

Slide31

16:6 Providing First Aid for Burns

Injury caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation, and/or electricity

Classifications of burns

Superficial

(first degree and least severe)

Partial-thickness (2

nd

degree epidermis and dermis)

Full-thickness (3

rd

degree, most severe, all skin plus tissue)

Slide32

Types of Burns

Slide33

Treatment Objectives

Remove source of heat

Cool the skin

Cover the burn

Relieve pain

Observe for and treat shock

Prevent infections

Slide34

Treatment

Usually not required for superficial and mild partial-thickness burnsRules for when to treatMore than 15% of surface of adult bodyMore than 10% on child bodyRule of ninesAll full-thickness burns require medical treatmentHow to treat superficial and mild partial-thickness burns

Slide35

Rule of 9

Slide36

Treatment

How to treat severe partial- or

full-thickness

burns (

pg

490)

How to treat when chemicals splashed

on

skin (

pg

490)

How to treat eyes burned by chemicals

or irritating

gases (

pg

490)

Slide37

16:7 Providing First Aidfor Heat Exposure

Overexposure to heat may cause a chemical imbalance in the body

Occurs when water and salt are lost through perspiration

Also occurs when body cannot eliminate excess heat

Slide38

Heat Cramps

Muscle pains and spasms

Caused by exposure to heat

Loss of water and salt

Apply firm pressure on cramped muscle to provide relief

Provide rest and move to cooler area

Small sips of water or electrolyte solution (e.g., sports drink)

Slide39

Heat Exhaustion

Occurs when exposed to heat with loss

of fluids through sweating

Signs and

symptoms

Pale or clammy skin

Diaphoresis

Weakness

Headache

Muscle cramps

n/v

Dizziness and fainting

Slide40

Heat Exhaustion

First aid care

Move victim to cooler location

Loose or remove clothes

Apply cool, wet clothes

Elevate feet 12”

Give small sips of cool water

Slide41

Heat Stroke

Prolonged exposure to higher than normal

temperatures (105 F)

Medical emergency—needs immediate care and attention

Body unable to eliminate excess

heat

Sweating mechanism no longer works

First

aid care

Slide42

Heat Stroke

Signs and symptoms

Red, hot and dry skin

Pulse rapid but strong

Victim lose consciousness

Treatment

Geared primarily to cooling the body quickly

Slide43

16:8 Providing First Aidfor Cold Exposure

Exposure to cold temperatures can cause body tissues to freeze and body processes to slow down

Needs immediate attention

Degree of injury affected by wind velocity, amount of humidity, and length of exposure to cold

Slide44

Hypothermia

When body temperature is less than

95ºF (35ºC)

Caused by prolonged exposure to cold

Death

can occur if body processes become too slowed

down

Slide45

Hypothermia

Signs and symptoms

Shivering

Numbness

Weakness or drowsiness

Poor coordination

Confusion

Loss of consciousness

Slide46

Hypothermia

First aid care

Get victim to warm area

Remove wet clothing

Slowly warm with blankets

Warm liquids by mouth

Do not warm too quickly because it can cause heart

arrythmias

Slide47

Frostbite

Freezing of tissue fluids with damage to the skin and underlying tissuesCaused by exposure to freezing or below-freezing temperaturesEarly signs and symptoms are redness and tinglingOther signs and symptoms as frostbite progresses

Slide48

Frostbite

Common

sites: fingers, toes, ears, nose, cheeks

First aid

care

Maintaining respirations

Treat for shock

Warm the affected parts

Prevent further injury

Assess for signs and symptoms of shock

and treat as needed

Slide49

16:9 Providing First Aidfor Bone and Joint Injuries

Frequently occur during accidents or falls with variety of injuries

Examples: fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains

May have more than one type of injury to bones and joints at the same time

Slide50

Fracture

Break in the bone

Closed or simple

fracture (does not have an open or external wound on skin)

Compound or open

fracture (open of skin)

Slide51

Fracture

Signs and symptoms

Deformity

Limited or loss of motion

Pain and tenderness at site

Swelling or discoloration

Protrusion of bone thru skin

Victim heard the bone snap or felt a grating sensation (crepitation)

Abnormal movements

Slide52

Fracture

Objectives of first aid

Maintain respirations

Treat for shock

Keep broken bone from moving

Prevent further injury

Use splints or slings

Get help!

Slide53

Dislocation

When the end of the bone is displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position within a joint

Tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissues also frequently occurs

Signs and

symptoms similar to fracture

First aid

care similar to fracture

Slide54

Sprain

Injury to tissues surrounding a joint

Common sites: ankles and wrists

Signs and

symptoms include swelling, pain, discoloration

Sprains frequently resemble fractures or dislocations—treat as fracture if any

doubt

Slide55

Sprain

First aid care

Apply cold compress to decrease swelling and pain

Elevate the effected part

Rest the effected part

Apply bandage to provide support but not too tightly

Obtain medical help if swelling is severe or any question of fracture

Slide56

Strain

Overstretching of a muscle

Caused by overexertion or by lifting

Frequent site: back

Signs and

symptoms include pain, swelling, or bruising

Slide57

Strain

First aid treatment

Rest affected muscle

Bedrest with backboard if back strain

Apply cold application to reduce swelling

Then apply warm compresses to relax muscles

Slide58

Splints

Devices to immobilize injured partsTypes of splintsPneumatic or air splintsPadded boardsTraction splintsSplints can also be made from cardboard, newspapers, pillows, boards, etc.

Slide59

Splints

Need to be long enough to immobilize the joint above and below the injured area to prevent movementShould be paddedTied in placeApply as not to create pressure on affected areaIf open wound, control bleeding before applying splint

Slide60

Splints

Never attempt to reposition bone

Splint before moving victim

Observe precautions when using

pneumatic splints

Traction splints

Slide61

Circulation Check After Splint

Verify that the splints are not too tight

Check skin temperature

Check color

Note swelling or edema

Numbness or tingling

Check pulse

If circulation impaired, immediately loosen the ties

Slide62

Slings

Commercial slingsTriangular bandagesUse: support arm, hand, forearm, and shoulderPositioning of sling with hand higher than elbowCheck circulationLimit movement of limb

Slide63

Slings

If using knots

Placement-do not rest on spinal column

Padding

Considerations for shoulder

injury-may need to apply a second bandage around thoracic region to hold arm against the body

Slide64

Neck or Spine Injury

Most dangerous types of injuries involving bones and joints

Movement can result in permanent injury resulting in paralysis

Avoid any movement of victim if at

all possible

Wait for backboard and adequate help to arrive for transfer

Slide65

16:10 Providing First Aidfor Specific Injuries

Treatment for burns, bleeding, wounds, poisoning, and fractures is basically

the same

Injuries to specific body parts require special care

Examples: eyes, ears, nose, brain, chest, abdomen, and genital organs

Slide66

Eye Injuries

Always involves danger of vision loss

Best to avoid giving major treatment

Obtain help of a specialist

Foreign objects in the eye

Blows to the eye

Penetrating injuries that cut eye tissue

Slide67

Ear Injuries

Can result in rupture or perforation

of eardrum

Torn or detached tissue

Ruptured or perforated eardrum

Clear fluid or blood-tinged fluid draining from ear

Slide68

Brain Injuries

Wounds and blows to head and skull can cause brain injury

Seek medical help quickly as

possible

First

aid

care includes keeping the victim lying flat, treat for shock, watch for respiratory distress

Make no attempt to stop the flow of fluid

Slide69

Brain Injuries

Signs and symptoms

Clear or blood-tinged CSF draining from nose or ears

Loss of consciousness

Headache

Visual disturbance

Pupils unequal size

Muscle

paralysis

Speech disturbances

Convulsions

n/v

Slide70

Nose Injuries

Nosebleeds are usually more frightening

than serious

Nosebleeds also called epistaxis

Causes of nosebleeds

First aid care

Slide71

Chest Injuries

Usually medical emergencies

Involve heart, lungs, and major vessels

Sucking chest

wound-deep open chest wound that allows air in and out of chest

Penetrating injuries to the

chest-can cause a sucking chest wound

Do NOT remove object protruding from the chest

Crushing injuries to the

chest-car accident or heavy object hits chest

Slide72

Abdominal Injuries

Can cause damage to internal organs and bleeding in major blood vessels

Intestines and other abdominal organs may protrude from open wound

Medical emergency

Bleeding, shock, and damage to organs

can be

fatal

Slide73

Abdominal Injuries

Signs and

symptoms

Severe abdominal pain or tenderness

Protruding organs

Open wounds

n/v

Abdominal muscle rigidity

shock

Slide74

Abdominal Injuries

First aid

care

Victim flat on back

Pillow or rolled blanket under the knees

Use sterile dressing moistened with sterile water, NS, or warm tap water

Cover dressing with plastic wrap to keep dressing moist

Then cover the plastic wrap with aluminum foil or towel to keep area warm

Slide75

Injuries to Genital Organs

Result of falls, blows, or explosions

Can cause severe pain, bleeding, and shock

First aid

care includes controlling bleeding, treating for shock, do not remove any protruding objects, and seek medical help

Slide76

16:11 Providing First Aidfor Sudden Illness

Can be difficult to determine exact illness being experienced

Base care on signs and symptoms

Information from victim if possible

Look for medical alert bracelets or necklaces or medical cards

Slide77

Heart Attack

Known by other names as coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion, or myocardial infarction

Occurs when there is blockage in one

or more coronary arteries

If heart stops, start CPR

First

aid

care is directed at getting patient to relax and call EMS

Slide78

Heart Attack

Signs and

symptoms

Severe, painful pressure under the breast bone with pain radiating to the shoulders, arms, neck, and jaw

SOB

Cyanotic lips and nail beds

Weak, anxious, apprehensive

n/v, diaphoresis

LOC

Slide79

Cerebrovascular Accident

Also called stroke, apoplexy, or

cerebral thrombosis

Causes can be clot in cerebral artery or hemorrhage from a blood vessel

Signs and

symptoms can vary depending on the part of the brain affected

Slide80

CVA

First aid care

Numbness

Paralysis

Pupils of unequal size

Mental confusion

Slurred speech

n/v

Difficulty breathing and swallowing

Loss of consciousness

Slide81

Fainting

Temporary reduction in supply of blood

to brain

Early signs

such as dizziness, pallor, diaphoresis, nausea, and numbness.

Have patient lie down or sit in chair

If victim loses consciousness, try to

prevent injury

Obtain medical help if recovery not prompt, there are other injuries, or fainting reoccurs

Slide82

Convulsion

Type of seizure—strong involuntary contraction of muscles

Causes can be high body temp, head injury, brain disease, and brain disorders.

First

aid care is directed at preventing

self-injury

Remove dangerous objects from area

Have

pt

lie down and place pillow under head

Have

pt

lie on side if saliva or vomit present

Do not restrain the patient

Slide83

Diabetes Mellitus

Metabolic disorder caused by lack of

or insufficient production of insulin

Diabetic coma

is hyperglycemia (increased sugar in blood/low insulin)

Insulin

shock is hypoglycemia (increase in insulin/low sugar)

Determine which shock is the issue-ask patient have you eaten today or taken your insulin today?

Slide84

Hyper and Hypoglycemia

Slide85

16:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages

Dressings used as sterile covering and to control bleedingMaterials used in dressings should vary in thickness and be absorbent, but NOT fluffyDressings can be held in place with tape or a bandageBandages used to hold dressings in place, to secure splints, and to support and protect body parts

Slide86

Applying Dressings and Bandages

Apply bandages snugly to control bleeding and prevent movement of dressing, but not to interfere with circulation

Types of bandages consist of:

Roller gauze

Triangular

Elastic

Slide87

Methods to Wrap Bandages

Depends on the body part

Spiral

Figure-eight for joints

Recurrent or finger wrap

Slide88

Checkpoints for Circulation

Check circulation after application

Signs of poor or impaired circulation:

Swelling or edema

Pale or cyanotic color

Coldness to touch

Numbness or tingling

Poor or slow capillary refill

Loosen bandage immediately

Slide89

Summary

Proper first aid can save a life

Provide only care you are qualified

to provide

Always reassure victim and avoid unnecessary stress and movement

Obtain medical help as needed