GLOBALIZATION, SECURITY AND REFUGEES - PowerPoint Presentation

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Slide2

GLOBALIZATION, SECURITY AND REFUGEES

(Forced Migration and the Future of Humankind)

Prof.dr

.

Vihren

Bouzov

St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of

Veliko

Turnovo

, Bulgaria

v.bouzov@gmail.comSlide3

Content

Globalization and Security

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon Sanitaire

The Clash of Civilizations?

Approaches to Forced Migration

Challenges for the 21th CenturySlide4

Globalization and Security

The

now

dominant

tendency of economization

and

securitization of forced migration to our region (Turkey

and the Balkans) and to the EU as a

whole is the subject of a critical analysis in this lecture.

The global

corporate media and some nationalist politicians as representatives of the interests of the elites of the rich countries are presenting migrants as terrorists, malicious users of social welfare and dangerous

people to the host society. Slide5

Globalization and Security

This is a result of the war against global terrorism after 11/9 and it is associated with the continuing social and economic crisis of the Western world.

The latest crisis with the terrorist attack against the yellow French magazine Charlie

Hebdo

, which has published provocative caricatures against Islam, is another confirmation of the present existing and deepening process of internal war and the fundamental division of the West.

It is a consequence of the brutal capitalist expansion of the rich West, which reached a new peak after the Cold War era!Slide6

Globalization and Security

The present-day capitalism could not provide normal living conditions to humankind at least at the level of elites and the people of the rich countries.

Moreover, the world today is increasingly divided by regional and civil wars, by violent conflict for redistribution of resources bringing huge misery for people, state destruction and forced migration floods.

Global injustice, wars and poverty forces millions of people to search for better living conditions, work and better life chances in rich countries. Slide7

Globalization and Security

Securitization = construction of security threats

Security has a particular discursive and political force and is a concept that does something –

securitise

– rather than an objective (or

subjective) condition.

(

Identity

, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (

Wæver

et al., 1993)Slide8

Globalization and Security

It could well be said that this chaotic process of displacement of huge masses of people looks like a rematch of people from peripheral countries for the inverted structure of our imbalanced and confused world.

The response of the West is … politicization of migration as a threat to security

and welfare on

the basis of inventing connection between migration, global terrorism and organized crime. Slide9

Globalization and Security

Security problems can be explained

and defined by means of making use of

fundamental philosophical and social sciences notions (subject, action, environment, control);

Security – a notion related to different types of social subjects: individuals, social groups, organizations, society and mankind as a whole

;

Security cannot be understood as a

„

state of a given social system

”;Slide10

Globalization and Security

For the purpose of our analysis, security can be defined as a process of support of a satisfactory control by a social subject (individual or collective) over harmful effects on an environment. (

Bouzov

2010)

An environment can be natural or social, not affected or created by human intervention. The Copenhagen School of

International

Security Studies perceives

of

environment, or

a

strategic part of it

,

as a referent object in security maintenance (

Buzan

, Hansen 2009, 13-16, 212-217).Slide11

Globalization and Security

The social subject is in active interaction with the environment, and is striving for control over negative effects of the latter, concerned with its own survival. Apart from „the factor of nature” in human environment, the technological world, developed by human beings

,

has an import of its own, too. It makes up the main difference between human environment and environment of other living organisms.

A vast majority of effects in human environment are caused by different subjects: individual

s

or group

s

of such

. Slide12

Globalization and Security

Participants in

a

social interaction, vying with each other in the distribution of specific amounts of resources, and their rivalry struggle is an essential trait of a given security environment. People do not establish relationships with nature only, while endeavoring to transform it in order to fall in with their aims and interests. They establish relationships with other people and human institutions as well - with more important influence on their own development.

A security environment can be identified with the system of

a

subject’s social relationships. Slide13

Globalization and Security

T

his definition of security is burdened with the activist values of the Modern Time

;Security is closely related to power and the imposition of somebody’s power will

;

The notion of security is connected with

the

“

program of modernity

” (

Toulmin

): i

t explains its ties with such modernist conceptions as „freedom” and „human rights”, „social contract” and „

nation

state”

.Slide14

Globalization and Security

The thesis that decisions in the security sphere could be put in the broader context of the process of making

political

decision and

political

action

,

as such at the highest levels of security involves institutionalized, organized behavior and distribution of definite power resources in searching for response

t

o effects of an environment on a social subject. This view allows of existence of a wider range of different aspects of security – varying from military and legal to social and ecological ones.

According to some representatives of the Copenhagen School „a more general

sectoral

widening of security included societal, economic, environmental, health, development and gender” aspects

(

Bouzan

,

Hansen, 2009

, 12).Slide15

Globalization and Security

Concerned with his own survival, a social subject is in active interaction with it and is striving for control over negative effects on it. Such control can guarantee the existence-per norm-of a given social subject or

a

social system. Otherwise an individual or social a system would come up against crisis situations.

Crisis

-

determining factors could be classified as challenges, risks and threats.Slide16

Globalization and Security

C

rises

-

determining factors

:

A challenge

is a critical state of the security environment, calling for certain answer

;

A threat

is also a state of the environment, when it manifest

s

itself in a normal framework. It can be revealed in a direct way, as a phenomenon immediately preceding a crisis

;

Risks

are threats of an unknown, constant duration

.Slide17

Globalization and Security

NATIONAL SECURITY

Personal

Security

Group Security

(Communities, Organizations)

State

SecuritySlide18

Globalization and Security

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Individual Security of State

Regional

Security

Worldwide

SecuritySlide19

Globalization and Security

The state’s security is the leader in this system; it connects national to international security

.

Personal Security:

Physical, Psychical and

Social

Society and its state are in duty bound to guarantee human rights and freedoms, prosperity and normal conditions for life of individuals

;

The fulfillment of this duty in the Global Age spreads over social subjects at the highest level as „international community” and „humankind”

.Slide20

Globalization and Security

COMMUNAL SECURITY

Relationships between different national, cultural, ethnic and professional communities

;

Problems:

multicuturalism

, ethnic conflicts;

A disintegration of communal connections could be the result of the action of economic and social factors, and of destruction of the symbolic complex of norms and values, leading to rivalry clashes and degradation

.

We need to built our policy towards migrants with respect for their communal traditions and interests

. (It is a communitarian approach)Slide21

Globalization and Security

Group security=Societal Security

(the Copenhagen School Approach

)

‘Societal security’ was defined as ‘the ability of a society to persist in its essential character under changing conditions and possible or actual threats’ (

Wæver

et al., 1993: 23). While the state was the referent object for political, military, environmental and economic security, it was ‘society’ that constituted the referent object for societal security (

Wæver

et al., 1993: 26).

This opened up for the study of ‘identity security’ and pointed to cases where state and societies did not align, for instance when national minorities were threatened by ‘their’ state, or where the state, or other political actors,

mobilized

society to confront internal or external threats.Slide22

Globalization and Security

Security of Organizations (

Corporative)

Today

, man as such is a „man of organizations” (A.

Giddens

)

;

Every organization take

s

measures against external attacks on its activities

:

there exists a relatively high level of corporative security in developed societies

;

The

organizations, acting on a planetary scale are a new phenomenon;

Organizations

: State, Private.Slide23

Globalization and Security

The place of state security in the context of the above-said levels is quite specific. It defines the dimensions of national security together with the personal and group levels.

The state is a political community and

a

basic institute of the political system of a given society. Its functions of security maintenance are complex; they cannot be pared down to military aspects only or to internal legal order either.

Sovereignty, i.e., the freedom of decision-making, is a very important function

. I

t involves limitation in the globalization era and part of it is the concern of international unions or transnational institutions. Slide24

Globalization and Security

There is a talk about the out-living of the nation states and formation of post-national global governance but there are arguments to consider this idea as a propaganda cliché. All conflicts in human history have been and will remain based on national, political, social and religious differences.

The out-living of the nation state and the development to a global governance in the interest of people are neoliberal ideological myths!Slide25

Globalization and Security

International Security

(State, Regional

and Worldwide

)

Its specific characteristics are determined by existing relationships between state, regional and world level of security

;

In international relations every national state defends its own security and sovereignty

–

in their definition

it starts out from national ideal and interests, themselves a subject of defense in conflicts bearing on security. Slide26

Globalization and Security

Regions are conditional separate areas defined on the basis of geographical proximity and mutual dependence of security of states in them

vis

-a-

vis

other participants in international relations. They could be built up by „geographically clustered sets of such units, and these clusters must be embedded in a larger system, which has a structure of its own”.

A dominant tendency in the past few decades was the observed growth of the number of regional conflicts

-

a process related to specific stability and latent contradictory character of existing centers of conflict.

Our world become a very dangerous and insecure place: look at all regions involved in wars, civil conflicts and state degradation!Slide27

Globalization and Security

The problem of regulation of international relations worldwide as regards guaranteeing security of all participants in them is one of primary importance.

Today

,

our world is in a state of dynamic insecurity, owing to the fact that the pre-Cold War system of security has been destroyed and no efficient substitute of it has been found.

The number of crises-boding security risks is growing incessantly. Slide28

Globalization and Security

The forced migration is a consequence of regional conflicts and global opposition of power – it embraces people from the poor countries as its innocent victims.

It is very interesting how the securitization process realized by the almighty corporate media, the Western nationalist parties and regional corrupted elites has turned it in a challenge to national and human security?Slide29

Globalization and Security

All levels of security are interrelated on a global scale: problems of security concern personal level and worldwide level alike. Threats to the personal security of forced migrants are also threats to global security. We cannot close our eyes to their suffering.

The development of a global system of adequate management and streamlining of migration flows and elimination of causes and negative consequences of forced migration is both a global, and a collective and an individual responsibility of every citizen on our planet and of mankind as a whole. Slide30

Global

Conflicts and Forced Migration

The system of international security inherited from that Cold war era is unable to overcome regional conflicts and to parry off new threats to mankind.

The situation in the world continues to be imbalanced, with conflicts of long standing in it and unprecedented huge differences in wealth distribution.Slide31

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

After the end of The Cold War the world did not become a safer place to live in, altogether. Geopolitical confrontation and intensive fight for natural resources and control over main trade roads and markets are now widespread and the number of regional conflicts keeps on growing, too.

In the last 20 years the USA and the West handily destroyed through military aggressions, support for

radical jihadist

movements and intelligence operations like “the Arab Spring” the timid attempts of modernization of the Arab and Islamic world – Iran, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Iraq, Tunis, Egypt, Libya, Syria.Slide32

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

Everywhere the violent “democratisation” has left monsters in place of the secular governments: impoverished countries, internal civil wars and tyrannical regimes... All these sinister processes became possible after the end of the Two Camps confrontations – the Third World lost its support from the Soviet Union and the socialist countries.

The

West lost its strong competitor: there was no need to present itself for a knight of freedom... It has turned in freedom of conquest of natural resources!Slide33

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

The system of international security inherited from that Cold war era is unable to overcome regional conflicts and to parry off new threats to humankind. The alternatives are:

unipolar world

with a monopoly of forcefully-imposed solution to global conflicts, or

multi-polar world

, based on balance of power and consensus in the common interest of security, respect for the interests of every individual country and social values.

The

present-day global political confrontation between the West and the East in our days is a manifestation of the rivalry between these two alternatives. The situation in the world continues to be imbalanced, with long standing conflicts in it and unprecedented huge differences in wealth distribution. Slide34

Global

Conflicts and Forced Migration

According to Delgado Wise (2013), there are four types of forced migration:

- Migration due to violence, conflict, and catastrophe (43 million refugees)

- Smuggling and trafficking of persons (2.45 million victims)

- Migration due to dispossession, exclusion, and unemployment (72 million migrants)

- Migration due to over-qualification and lack of opportunities (25.9 million migrants) Slide35

Global

Conflicts and Forced Migration

Now, there are more than 200 millions forced migrants in the world: It could well be said that this chaotic process of displacement of huge masses of people looks like a rematch of people from peripheral countries for the inverted structure of our imbalanced and confused world! Slide36

Global

Conflicts and Forced Migration

According to the German magazine Der Spiegel and the information of the UNHCR for the year 2013, more than 50 million people left their homes, which is a record data since the Second World War! 9 out of 10 immigrants are accepted by developing countries. 2,3 million people are immigrants from the war-ravaged Syria – 1 million are living in Lebanon and 1 million in Turkey at present.

For

the last 14 years, more than 23 000 refugees have died trying to reach the rich countries in Europe. Applications for the EU countries for the 3-year period until 2013 are about 80 000 per

year!Slide37

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

The response of the rich West is a politicization of migration as a threat to security on the basis of inventing a connection with global terrorism and organized

crime: FRONTEX is an EU organization responsible to turn “the rich Europe” in an impregnable fortress!

Especially in its nationalist expression, this response becomes more and more hysterical, especially in the period of the deepening social and economic crisis of the ‘welfare state’.Slide38

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

The Western nationalism as a degenerate successor to the Western imperialism from the first ages of the capitalist expansion imperceptibly becomes a very influential trend in the developed countries defining their policy as regards the rest of the world.

A

good symbol of this policy are the ‘Schengen barriers’ still impregnable for Romania and Bulgaria and the statements of some Western leaders (Merkel, Sarkozy) for the failure of the multiculturalism.Slide39

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

“The securitization of immigration or refugees depends on instituting credible claims that they are an important factor endangering the survival of political units… For example, a sudden inflow of a high number of immigrants can destabilize the

labour

market resulting in an increase in unemployment, popular unrest, and a legitimacy problem for the government. Such a development can subsequently weaken the state’s competitive position in the international system. The number of immigrants mediated through the

labour

market is the central element for linking immigration to an existentially dangerous situation in this argument. ‘Flood’ and ‘invasion’ are powerful metaphors for securitizing increases in numbers of migration…Slide40

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

“One of the striking characteristics of the contemporary discourse on migration in the European Union is the contrast between a negative portrayal of asylum seekers and illegal immigrants and talk about the necessity of increased economic migration to support growth and welfare provisions. Despite the obvious difference between repressive and permissive migration policy that plays out in this contrast, both policy positions share a

desire to control population dynamics for the purpose

of optimizing a society’s ‘well being’ by keeping the unwanted out and integrate the needed into the

labour

market. Illegal immigration represents an existential danger in this view not because it threatens a society’s wealth or stability but because it represents a challenge to its functional integrity, i.e. its capacity to control the method of shaping this wealth.”Slide41

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

“This section introduced the idea that security framing structures existential situations by means of distributing fear and trust. Different from teaching moral and civil values, increasing social cohesion by means of security practice arranges social relations through the construction and circulation of fear. Fear is not simply an emotion that security framing instigates in social relations. It is first of all an organizing principle that renders social relations as fearful. An important characteristic of this principle is that it arranges social relations by objectifying an epistemological fear of the unknown through the identification of existential dangers.”

(

Huysmans,

Jef

(2006), The Politics of Insecurity)Slide42

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

The “distribution of fear ant trust” became a tool for administration of social inclusion and exclusion and for assimilation of immigrants (Huysmans 2007, 47-50).

The last EU parliamentarian elections has been won by nationalist parties (France, England, Netherlands…) who would like to built a barrier against migrants, asylum-seekers and world poverty…

Crises like last one with Charlie

Hebdo

became a form of collective manipulation of fear and hatred of foreigners.

It is an expression of some deep problems with own identity of these communities in West!Slide43

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

All attempts to administrate inclusion and exclusion in our political society on the basis of unification of Western values will be an expression of complexes of unclear identity and could be presented as an expression of imperialist policy.

Such policy leads to conflicts and to failure of the Western version of multiculturalism.Slide44

Global Conflicts and Forced Migration

Forced migrants are innocent victims of conflicts in an unjust social and political order, with military aggressions, civil wars, tyrannical regimes and ethnic tension generated by them.

The adequate solution of problems of forced migration and the overcoming of violence causing it could be a shared responsibility of humankind as a whole. Political and economic elites cannot resolve such problems – they can only exacerbate them

.Slide45

Turkey

and the Balkans as a Cordon Sanitaire

There are real facts to justify the thesis that the EU policy on refugees and asylum seekers focuses on measures for their rejection of the territory of the rich countries. The aggressive elites of the rich West are assigned to the Balkans as a sanitary cordon against refugee flows

.

In 2014 the refugee pressure against the EU countries continues to grow rapidly. Slide46

Turkey

and the Balkans as a Cordon Sanitaire

The 28 members of the EU received 216 300 asylum claims during the first half of 2014 – a 23 % increase compared to the corresponding period of 2013 (176 200). Among the EU regions, the largest relative increase in mid-year asylum levels was reported by the countries of Southern Europe. These countries (Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey) received 60 800 asylum requests during the first half of 2014, a 73% increase compared to the first six months of 2013 (35 200).Slide47

Turkey

and the Balkans as a Cordon Sanitaire

Bulgaria is the poorest country in the EU and its economic opportunities to ensure adequate intake of forced migrants are relatively limited. In 2013 unexpected flows of forced migrants from the conflicts in Syria and North Africa caused great difficulties to our institutions and they had to seek help from the EU and the

UNHCR.

Some of the emerging chronic problems are the following: resource insufficiency and lack of expertise and language skills of the border police and other involved institutions; poor living conditions at the points of accommodation of refugees and illegal migrants; slow processing of applications of refugees; social and cultural barriers to social integration into national society.Slide48

Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon SanitaireSlide49

Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon SanitaireSlide50

Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon

Sanitaire: Wire NettingSlide51

Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon Sanitaire

The EU is becoming now a fortress against the refugees with the help of the activity of the organization

Frontex

strictly guarding its borders and a common system for registration of refugee prints (

Eurodac

).

According

to the

Dublin Convention (2004)

each member-country which detects an immigrant with a legal status received in another country is obliged to return him to the first country. Following this corrupted mechanism, the Balkan countries become a concierge or a “cordon sanitaire” of the EU! The rich countries of the EU require us to accept the refugee

flows

from the Arab countries and Africa without restrictions. This is hypocrisy in action!Slide52

The Clash of Civilizations?

Cultural relativism is the philosophical basis of a doctrine according to which cultures today are in fierce rivalry and all future conflicts will be caused by cultural differences.

An optimistic thesis will be grounded asserting that varied cultures and civilizations can solve all existing problems and contradictions peacefully and can carry out mutually advantageous cooperation more effectively irrespective of differences between them.Slide53

The Clash of Civilizations?

Today

,

irrationalism continues

to

dominate in the social, political and intellectual life of

humankind

. So far it has not succeeded in devising means of solving its problems effectively.

Free critical discussion is the most reliable tool in the drive of intellectuals against irrationalism. It could hardly make the latter retreat, but could shatter the positions of irrationalism in the minds of reasonable people. It could also be a means of searching for consensus in shared, common interests.Slide54

The Clash of Civilizations?

Cultural relativism

a

doctrine upholding the view that mutual understanding and conciliation between different cultures are impossible. Thus, it makes senseless any endeavors for integration and dialogues in the search for acceptable solutions to controversial issues and stands for a policy of confining cultural and ethnic communities within their boundaries. Cultural relativism substitutes tolerance for violence and cultural imperialism.

As an extravagant doctrine of philosophers, linguists and ethnologists it is not so harmful, indeed; but it becomes quite harmful when it justifies vile political prophecies

. (Remember the Charlie

Hebdo

history!) Slide55

The Clash of Civilizations?

The most eloquent example here is S. Huntington

’s

hypothesis of 1993 - that far-reaching cultural differences between cultures (civilizations) will kindle future world wars. (

HUNTINGTON

, 1993,

1996

)

He does not specify whether there is a distinction between culture and civilization and on what basis he chooses eight civilizations existing in deepening confrontation. The confrontation of civilizations and the opposition of all ‘barbarians’ against the West determine the future development of the world he says.Slide56

The Clash of Civilizations?

As a cognitive deception or manipulation, this kind of cultural relativism is unattractive, but as a basis for practical policy- it is a hazardous doctrine. The event of 9.11 and the wars ignited by the Great Powers in the Middle East seem to confirm the ominous prophecy of that American historian. The present day claims on downfall of multiculturalism are also an illustration of his ideas.Slide57

The Clash of Civilizations?

Cultural relativism is a generalization of epistemological relativism. It claims that mutual understanding and joint activities between different theories and hypotheses is impossible. Yet the meaning of terms and laws is different. They go through changes in case

of

transition to

a

new theory. Theories cannot reach objective truth – their results are determined by historical and psychological factors. Two scientific theories or paradigms cannot be compared by checking experience, because it is theoretically charged.Slide58

The Clash of Civilizations?

The same arguments are developed by relativists as regards different cultures. It is even more difficult to compare them: they are symbolic worlds of values and meanings specific for a respective community. We can talk about different cultures on the basis of specific ethnic, national, political, social, and regional and gender features.Slide59

The Clash of Civilizations?

Dishonest political thinkers and journalists repeatedly depict us as dangerous people living in a “powder-keg”, in

a

Russia-dominated area or in

„

a sanitary cordon

”

area facing aggressive Islam.

The moral is that Europe should not trust these strange “newcomers” in the European orbit.

The Balkans are frequently taken in as a region of ethnic and religious wars. Different civilizations are in confrontation in it and our future is “an age of wild conflicts and total destruction”.

Our cultural achievements and contributions to European civilization are totally ignored. A natural response to this approach is the revival of some mystic anti-Western and nationalist ideas in East-European societies at present.Slide60

The Clash of Civilizations?

Indeed, all people are committed

to

certain cultural tradition. Its history, customs, norms and language make up a unique unity. We are able to reason about them - about norms

,

customs, history etc.

–

our own and foreign ones

. W

e can criticize them, we can accept some of them and can reject others. We are able to study the history, customs, norms and language of a nation

-

and we can change them. In the Globalization era technologies now have transformed the one-time boundless world into a “vast village”

(M. Mc

l

uhan

)

.

The dynamic clash of cultures and free communications erase lines of demarcation today

,

which is valid for our Balkan “powder-keg”, as well. Social practice rejects philosophical fictions and political nightmares. The Balkans is a great field of fruitful cultural communication, the result of clash of cultures.Slide61

The Clash of Civilizations?

Cultural relativism is now on the agenda for elimination. And cultural imperialism -

a

brutal enemy of mankind, has

to

be cast off too. It is our awful heritage from the past

of

imperialist economic and political domination. The neoliberalism, the latest form of cultural imperialism – after mass protests in worldwide has to be shelved.

After the rejection of cultural relativism we can conclude that consensus and cooperation between competing cultures are quite possible. This can be done on the basis of peace, equality and mutual respect for difference in identities and interests. Slide62

Approaches to Forced Migration

The new worldwide dynamics of migration and the deepening economic imbalance are a lasting result of the ongoing neoliberal globalization. Our planet does not have adequate resources to secure

a

high standard of living for all humans, on a par with that of the richest people.

Neoliberalism cannot be an adequate strategy in this process

.

As a development strategy it is unable to ensure normal functioning of

a

social system and just relationships among people.Slide63

Approaches to Forced Migration

Political and economic elites cannot resolve such problems – they can only exacerbate them! The selfish approach of some European leaders who declare that multiculturalism was dead must be overcome by countering efforts on the part of democratic citizens.

The challenge of forced migration has destroyed one of the last dogma of liberal cosmopolitanism – that the West could treat all humans in equal manner as members of one moral (cultural, legal) community!Slide64

Approaches to Forced Migration

People from the host countries need a new culture of peace and tolerance in treatment of refugees.

In action, a social justice cosmopolitan view would assign duties to every individual in regard to social institutions –in order to make them work for the overcoming poverty and social imbalance, for guaranteeing the basic rights of forced immigrants and their integration in a given society, on the basis of humanism. The adequate solution of problems of forced migration and the overcoming of violence causing it could be a shared responsibility of humankind as a whole.Slide65

Approaches to Forced Migration

The social institutions working for the promotion and realization of a humanist approach to forced migration should not be solely relying on activities of UNHCR or the EU elites. All countries and NGO’s, and the global civic society as a whole, should be drawn into activities of support for human rights observation everywhere

.

We need to make some changes in general our approach to the forced migration. It must be based on a communitarian approach to international relations presenting them as relationships and conflicts of historically formed communities – religious, social, political and cultural including nation states. Slide66

Approaches to Forced Migration

This approach rejects the unification around the Western liberal values and accepts differences as promoting political and cultural diversity. We need to give up the neoliberal myth of unification and common human identity – we need to live in a world of diversity on the basis of a new culture of peace and tolerance

!

So we need to have a tolerant attitude to each migrant as a representative of his specific community and should to be ready to help him if we have enough resources available.Slide67

Challenges to the 21th Century

Global inequalities between peoples in the world today have their repercussions on inequalities between countries – we are all witnessing the existence of new intensive conflicts between rich and poor countries.

There is a new trend of building up new alliances of nation-states, jointly seeking to react to challenges of the globalization process and to beat off negative consequences of neoliberal economic experiments. Examples are the development of the EU and new alliances in

Post-Soviet Scope (Eurasian Alliance), and in Latin

America built up through efforts made by countries like Brazil and Argentina.Slide68

Challenges to the 21th Century

The situation in the world continues to be imbalanced, with long standing conflicts in it and unprecedented huge differences in wealth distribution.

Two alternatives for the global security:

Unipolar world

with monopoly of forcefully—imposed solution to global conflicts, or

multi-polar world

, based on balance of power and consensus in the common interest of security, respect for the interests of every individual

country and

social values. Slide69

Challenges to the 21th Century

The unipolar world is ruled by global economic and political top crusts. .Its exponent today

arethe

global expansion plans of the U.S. and their allies. In the 90thies they were being justified by means of conceptions forwarded by Fr. Fukuyama and S.

Huntington.

A more convincing justification of the globalist expansionism is the new cosmopolitanism preaching global democracy and global

government.Slide70

Challenges to the 21th Century

The multi-polar world could be based

on

a

social and economic

pluralism

manifested in the emergence of new regional leaders and coalitions with ambitions to participate in the global competition more actively One can mention here the BRIC-S countries, the EU,

Turkey, the

Arab world, Iran, and South America

.

Nation-states are in a process of transformation in the Global era –there is a reduction of the scope of their functions on behalf of the power and effectiveness of their implementation.

This enables them to better respond to global challenges and to protect the interests of the people.Slide71

Challenges to the 21th Century

We need a rejection of the utopian view of cosmopolitanism and a revival of one new republicanism.

Republicanism

provides for respect for the principle of sovereignty of each country and coalitions of countries set up on the basis of commonly-shared interests.

We can definitely say that the assertion

of

nation-state`s outliving its time is a propaganda cliché and not a real process in development.Slide72

Challenges to the 21th Century

There are many more opportunities available making it possible to ensure security in a multipolar world.

The global society continues to be a community of nation states and nation societies, although it involves also other actors with a greater economic potential. It could be based on the cooperation among different communities – national, religious, social and cultural.

From the point of view of communitarianism each individual could show his worth through participation in various communities as a significant component of human nature. Nation- state is the most advanced form of human community – it guarantees rights, freedoms and interests of everyone.Slide73

Challenges to the 21th Century

The global problem of forced migration could be solved trough creation of a new worldwide security system based on balance of power, justice and solidarity. We need a lasting peace and a fair mechanism for regulation of conflicts to put under restraint the West expansionism. We need also a more efficient fight against poverty.

All people and civic organizations, states and state alliances would be included in collective efforts to find just solutions for the refugees problems.Slide74

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