Concepts of physical activity Chapter 11 Concepts and definitions Play Leisure Recreation Physical Education Sport Outdoor and adventurous activities Play Main reason for participation is ID: 488160
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Slide1
Opportunities for participation
Concepts of physical activity
Chapter 11Slide2
Concepts and definitions
Play
Leisure
Recreation
Physical Education
Sport
Outdoor and adventurous activitiesSlide3
Play
Main reason for participation is
No - negotiated at each occurrence
rewards
nature of commitment
fun
set rules
Spontaneous
Intrinsic
Non-seriousSlide4
Play
immediate pleasure; no ulterior motive
Spontaneous
Enjoyment
Negotiation
Rules
Non-serious
Intrinsic value
Space
TimeSlide5
Play and recreation
Play is for
When adults ‘play’ it’s called
Hence shared characteristics:
Both
Both
children
recreation
intrinsic
voluntarySlide6
Recreation
The of leisure
To - refresh mind
Change to
for its own sake
No or relevance
No relative importance to
what
‘recreate’
active leisure
Participation
intellectual
commercial
societySlide7
Similarities between play and leisure
Both:
Intrinsic
For fun
Informal structure
Produce sense of well-being
Both develop skills
Casual attitudeSlide8
Differences between recreation and leisure
Recreation:
Escape from stress
Opportunity for socialising
Health benefits
More organised
Concept of ‘active leisure’Slide9
Leisure
Time free
Hence
from work and other obligations
choice
depends on economics
self-satisfying
socialisingSlide10
Characteristics of Leisure
Work has over leisure
Leisure has
Leisure is
Protestant work ethic –
clouds issue/limits definition
priority
no value in itself
non-serious
‘work is Godly; leisure is lazy’
unemploymentSlide11
Question
Many people take part in physical recreation as a form of leisure activity.
Define the term
leisure
.
(2 marks)
What do you understand by the term physical recreation? Comment on its benefit to individuals (4 marks)Slide12
Answer
(i) Time away from obligations/necessities such as work/education;
Activities can be freely/voluntarily entered into/choice;
For relaxation/enjoyment/fun.
2 marks
(ii) Physical Recreation – active/exercise/physically strenuous activity;
During leisure time; Provides opportunities for self-fulfilment/fun/enjoyment/ intrinsic reward/improve skill; Helps maintain physical health/fitness; Helps develop interpersonal/social skills;
Escape from reality/pressures/stress/mental health. 4 marksSlide13
Class-based leisure
has a right to leisure
has a right to leisure after they have earned it
Influenced by traditional beliefs, ,
, and
Leisured class
Working class
exclusivity
availability
disposable income
timeSlide14
Leisure as a socialising process
Leisure is a
- should take place in
may develop
Provides opportunities
Attractive to and hence
Can promote
social process
Freely chosen
pleasant atmosphere
Friendships
creative
media
sponsorship
cultureSlide15
More Leisure
T. I. M. E. as limiting factors to leisure
Less
Less
Less
Lack of
time
income
mobility
educationSlide16
Growth and change in leisure time
High unemployment
Reduction in working hours
Advances in technology
Increased life expectancy
Increased mobility
Increased disposable income
Greater public provision of facilitiesSlide17
Similarities of play, recreation and leisure
Discovery/ experimenting
No obligation
Creativity/self-expression
No pressure
Variety of activities
Freedom of choice
Self-satisfaction obtainedSlide18
Question
Modern-day lifestyles appear to be increasingly stressful and more inactive.
(i) Explain the term
active leisure. (2 marks)
Why is active leisure considered important for individuals
and
society? (4 marks)Slide19
Answer
Time free from work/domestic chores/sleeping/surplus
Choice - Voluntary/free will/no moral obligation
Active – physical, energetic. 2
marks
Society attitudes changed/rights to leisure/limited
Working hours reduced / more leisure; Increased status of leisure/reduced status of church/work; Labour saving gadgets; Increase in life expectancy;
More accessible facilities/personal mobility/improved transport; Early retirement; Unemployment (enforced leisure); Job share/work from home/flexible work patterns 4 marksSlide20
Outdoor and adventurous activitiesSlide21
Includes recreations in the environment – not outdoor games!
Add element of to get adventurous activities
Used as a classroom activity –
Outdoor and adventurous activities
risk
natural
outdoor educationSlide22
Values of outdoor activities
Values
Trust in others
Team work
Self-reliance
Leadership skills
Decision-makingSlide23
characteristics
dangerous
exciting
challenging
No officials
competitive
But codes for safety
Against self/elementsSlide24
Benefits
Sense of freedom –
Handling risk -
Appreciation of Self-reliance -
escape from urban environment
sense of danger
Leadership
Decision-making
natural environment
trust in othersSlide25
Risk
Objective danger –
Subjective danger –
Real risk –
Perceived risk –
outside our control
within our control
avoidable environmental risk
potential risk – sense of dangerSlide26
Educational and recreational values
Educational
Recreational
Free time/choice
Enhance quality of life/escape stress
Active leisure
Health
Intrinsic
Sense of fulfilment
Appreciation of environmentConservationSkill developmentTesting oneself
Teamwork/ leadershipSlide27
Difficulties with outdoor education in schools
Limited
Lack of
Lack of
time
specialised teachers
Funding
access
Safety issuesSlide28
Outdoor activities in a city?
Canoeing, sailing, windsurfing –
Indoor
Orienteering
lake, canal or pool
climbing walls
in park
Dry ski slopesSlide29
Increases in outdoor participation
Because:
Escape to the countryside/appreciation of environment
Widely accessible facilities/cheap
Socialising/mixed sex groups
Ease of access
Individual/non competitive
Challenging/adrenalin rush/risk/danger Slide30
Requirements for outdoor and adventurous activities to be sports
Rules
Scoring system
Judges and officials
Governing body
ExtrinsicSlide31
Question
Dry ski slopes are an example of an urban
adaptation
of an outdoor and adventurous activity.
(i) Give
two
other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment. (3 marks) (ii) Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between 'real' and 'perceived' risk? (3 marks)Slide32
Answers
(i) Climbing/abseiling/mountaineering - climbing wall
Orienteering - park/school grounds
Canoeing/rafting - swimming pool/lake/canals/reservoir
Windsurfing/sailing - reservoir/gravel pits
Mountain biking - country parks/parks/indoor tracks
(ii) Real risk - from natural environment/increases with skill level;should be avoided at all costs;risk of life/injury;
can be planned for/plan a route to avoid;Perceived risk - sense of danger/think there’s a risk;provides excitement, but controlled;encouraged by leaders/learning experience;importance of developing risk assessments;Slide33
Definition of sport
Competitive -
Organised occasions –
Officials -
Administration -
Commercial aspects -
rules and regulations
leagues and championships
referees and umpires
clubs and NGBs
sponsorship, advertising, media coverage, funding, professionalismSlide34
Coakley (1993)
‘….an
institutionalised
,
competitive
activity that involves vigorous
physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and
extrinsic factors.’Slide35
Meanings
Institutionalised –
Competitive –
Physical exertion –
Complex physical skills -
Motivation – Intrinsic –
Extrinsic – structure
winners and losers
hard work
movement
drive to do
self-satisfaction
external rewardsSlide36
Categories of Sport (NCPE)
Dance activities
Games activities
Gymnastic activities
Swimming activities and water safety
Athletic activities
Outdoor and adventurous activitiesSlide37
Sub-categories of games
Invasion
Striking and fielding
Combat
Target
Net/wall
AthleticSlide38
Characteristics of sport
Serious/ commitment
Sportsmanship/fair play /team spirit
Time/ space constraints
Highly organised
Competitive
Excellence/ ability
Physical endeavourSlide39
Objectives of sport
Highlights issues
Emotional release
Express individuality
Aid socialisation
Allow success
Health and fitnessSlide40
Values of sport
Positive
Negative
Competitive
Sportsmanship
Amateurism
Assertive
Gamesmanship
Win at all costs
CheatingAggressionSlide41
Problems with sport
Over-emphasis on winning
More like entertainment
Crowd violence
Drugs
Poor role models
Passive involvementSlide42
Comparison
Recreation
Professional sport
Immediate pleasure
intrinsic rewards
length of participation own choice
spontaneity
spare time involvement
levels of fitness personalno pressure to cheatno pressure to succeed
involves pain/rivalryextrinsic rewards
time constraints - training
spontaneity reduced through rules
occupation - serious
sponsorship
high levels of skill and fitness
temptation to cheat
pressure from others to winSlide43
Question
Physical activity can be subdivided into the categories of
play
,
physical recreation
and
sport.Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive’. (i) Using an example, explain this definition. (2 marks) (ii) State two ways in which sport differs from play. (2 marks)Slide44
Answer
(i) Play is fun/enjoyment/non serious;
Intrinsic value/no tangible rewards;
(ii) Sport has
Extrinsic rewards;
Competitive;
Commitment/effort;Emotional highs and lows;Highly structured/time constraints/boundaries/equipment;Rules/officials/tactics;
Degree of obligation; Slide45
The difference with P.E.
P.E. is:
- involving learning -
Has authority figures –
Compulsory
Educational
skills
different to recreation and play but similar to sportSlide46
Characteristics of P.E.
Formal body of
Learning through the
Learning
Develops skills
Appreciation and evaluation of
knowledge
physical
Skill development
rules and ethics
personal and social
movement
Health-related fitness
Lifelong learningSlide47
Aims of P.E.
Skill development -
Fitness development -
Knowledge of rules etc –
Values such as sportsmanship -
motor
physical
cognitive
culturalSlide48
Physical
Skill development
Increase fitness
stamina
strength
flexibilitySlide49
Intellectual
Experience wide range of activities
Encourage sportsmanship /fair play
Encourage competition
Promote self-esteem
Teach health benefits of exerciseSlide50
Social
Team work
Social interaction
friendship
leadership
Accepting defeatSlide51
Not only PE in schools
PE
Sport
Recreation
Some overlap existsSlide52
Question
Many people think that physical education is just another name for sport that is played in schools.
What are the values and characteristics of sport that differentiate it from physical education? (3 marks)Slide53
Answer
sport is competitive/sport primarily seeks winners and losers/extrinsic rewards;
sport does not have an overt educational objective/is elitist;
sport does not have an overt developmental objective;
sport is serious/commitment/voluntary.
(Max 2 for PE)
PE seeks to develop motor/psycho-motor skills;PE seeks to develop learning/understanding/morals/ethics/ fairplay;PE health/stress/social/participation;PE is compulsory.Slide54
P.E. and sport in school
P.E.
Sport
Compulsory
Physical development
Creativity /social awareness
Confidence and self-esteem
Aesthetic appreciation
Mixed abilityValues of teamwork/ sportsmanship
VoluntaryPerformance development
Extension of interest/ specialism
Extra-curricular
Competitive
Commitment/ dedicationSlide55
School sport
Depends on
Lack of
Safety considerations -
teacher goodwill
funding
Competing interests
risk assessmentsSlide56
Club and school sport
Similarities
Differences
Same activities
Skills developed
Formalised
PE teacher may coach
Aim to win
Teacher v coach
Conflicts in expectationsDifferent ethics in school and club sportSlide57
Progression from P.E. to sport
Club involvement
Competitions
Coaching / Talent development
Affiliation to NGBs
Award schemes/training courses
Access to District level
PE lessons in school
Links with local clubsSlide58
District level
Competition
Tournaments
Championships
Access to Regional level
Regional level
Competition
Training
Assistance from Sports Aid Foundation
Access to National Training squadSlide59
National Training squad
Coaching
National Sports Centres
National competition
Access to International level
International level
Representing Country
via NGBsSlide60
The Physical Activity continuum
Play
Leisure
Physical Recreation
Outdoor activities
P.E.
Sport
Moving from left to right:
Increased organisationSlide61
The Physical Activity continuum
Play
Leisure
Physical Recreation
Outdoor activities
P.E.
Sport
Moving from left to right:
Increased competition