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Emerging Adults’ Religiousness and Spirituality Emerging Adults’ Religiousness and Spirituality

Emerging Adults’ Religiousness and Spirituality - PowerPoint Presentation

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Emerging Adults’ Religiousness and Spirituality - PPT Presentation

Emerging Adults Religiousness and Spirituality Carolyn Barry PhD Loyola University Maryland Master Lecture 7 th Conference on Emerging Adulthood Miami FL October 15 2015 St Ignatius General Examination of Conscience ID: 770992

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Emerging Adults’ Religiousness and Spirituality Carolyn Barry, Ph.D.Loyola University Maryland Master Lecture 7 th Conference on Emerging Adulthood Miami, FL October 15, 2015

St. Ignatius’ General Examination of Conscience Give thanks Ask for grace to know your faultsExamine how you have lived this… Ask forgiveness for any faults Resolve to improve

TerminologyDevelopmental Theory & UnderpinningsTheoretical FrameworksTrends Benefits & DetrimentsContexts VariationsConcluding Thoughts Outline

Meaning-Making Terms Quest for meaning : Self-search for ultimate knowledge of life through an individualized understanding of the sacred (Wink & Dillon, 2002) Religiousness: Organized and institutional aspects involved in the search for the sacred ( Pargament et al., 2013) Spirituality: Personal and transcendent practices involved in the search for the sacred (Pargament et al., 2013) Spirituality Religiousness

Developmental Theory and Underpinnings

An age of….Feeling in-betweenIdentity exploration Focus on the selfInstabilityPossibilities Theory of Emerging Adulthood (Arnett, 2004, 2015)

Physical domainBrain maturationSexuality Cognitive domain Enhanced metacognition, planning, and abstract thinkingSocialRecentering relationships with parents S ocial networks & multiple contexts Psychological I dentity Developmental Underpinnings of Emerging Adult’s Religious and Spiritual Development

Theoretical Frameworks

Fowler (2001): Focus on What people base their faith uponYoung adults: individuative-reflective faithOser et al. (2006): a deep mother structure is created, which becomes integrated with a larger set of worldviews. Religious orientation (Batson et al., 1993) Intrinsic Extrinsic Quest Theories on Religious Development

Tisdell (2003): spiral process like adult learningKass et al (1991): core spiritual experiences Spiritual Development Theories

Trends in Emerging Adults’ Religiousness and Spirituality

U.S. is highly religious relative to other Western countries, yet less religious than we’ve ever been (Norris & Inglehart , 2004).1 in 4 emerging adults are not affiliated with a particular religion (Pew, 2007). Catholicism has had the largest net loss of affiliation changes (Pew, 2012). Religious beliefs tend to remain strong, but practices decline (Smith, 2009 ).Affiliation, Beliefs, and Practice Trends

Committed TraditionalistsSelective AdherentsSpiritually OpenReligiously IndifferentReligiously Disconnected Irreligious Six Major Religious Types (Smith, 2009)

Dominant worldview of many American adolescents that persists into emerging adulthood.Defining featuresA God exists who created and orders the world and watches over human life on earth. God wants people to be good, nice, and fair to each other, as taught in the Bible and by most world religions.The central goal of life is to be happy and to feel good about oneself.God does not need to be particularly involved in one’s life except when needed to resolve a problem. Good people go to heaven when they die. Moralistic Therapeutic Deism (Smith, 2005, 2009)

Benefits and Detriments

Protect against risk behaviors like binge drinking and antisocial behaviorDelay onset of sexual activityGreater well-being, gratitude, purpose in life, sense of control Less depression and anxietyLess condom use when do have sexWhen religious struggles occur, worse physical and mental health occurs Religious quest associated with greater body dissatisfaction Religious fundamentalism linked toward prejudice Benefits Detriments Magyar-Russell, Deal, & Brown, 2014

Contexts to Support Religiousness and Spirituality

Contexts: Parents Primary socialization agents Gatekeepers to other contexts Religious Socialization modeling (Oman & Thoresen , 2003) direct teaching family religious practices (Barry et al., 2013)ParentingDiscipline Warmth (Barry et al. 2012)

“The self-reliant American is required not only to leave home but to ‘leave church’ as well.” Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swindler, & Tipton (1985, p. 62)

SiblingsExplore beliefs and practices within family of origin (Silberman, 2003)Friends Most significant EA relationship for religious discussion and experiences (Smith, 2009) Romantic Partners Potentially significant (Reiter & Gee, 2008), esp sex issues Other Peers Classroom and clubs Contexts: Peers

Über media use by emerging adults ( Zickuhr & Smith, 2012)Media Practice Model (Brown, 2000) Selection ( Mishra & Seemaan , 2010) Searching for religious content done by religious EA Engagement (Bobkowski, 2014)Attention and interpretation processed through religious beliefs/practicesApplication (McKenna & West, 2007)Media exposure can increase or decrease religious beliefs Contexts: Media

Contexts: College & University Higher education in the U.S. began with a wide variety of religiously-affiliated institutions (Tewksbury, 2011) Evangelical Christian colleges and Catholic universities have retained their identity to a larger extent compared to many others (AACU, 2012). Religious Institutions may not influence WHAT think, but HOW they think ( Astin et al., 2011).

Formal v. Informal Religious CommunitiesDevoted, Regular, Sporadic, & Disengaged (Smith, 2005, 2009)Young adult gatherings and groupsCommunities afford 3 contexts for meaning-making (Whitney & King, 2014) Ideological Social Transcendent Contexts: Religious Communities

Variations in Meaning-Making

Women have long reported higher levels of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices (e.g., Stoppa & Lefkowitz, 2010).Select subgroups of men (Hindu, Muslim, & Jewish) report higher levels than all other persons (e.g., Sullins , 2006). Gendered socialization messages within religious contexts (Cadge & Wildeman , 2008; Hammond & Mattis , 2005) Variations: Gender

Emerging adults strive to reconcile religious and sexual beliefs and practices (Stoppa, 2009) .Heterosexuals tend to be more engaged with their R/S compared to GLBT persons (Regnerus & Uecker , 2011). Among GLB adults, 48% Christian, 11% non-Christian faiths, and 41% rel unaffiliated ( Pew,2015 ).GLBT persons come out about their sexual identity and, if applicable, as a person of faith to their sexual-minority community (Rodriguez & Ouellet, 2000). Variations: Sexual Identity

Most research to date has utilized on European-American Christian samples (Barry & Abo-Zena, 2015).Ethnic minorities on average report higher rates of religiousness and spirituality than do European-Americans (Pew Research Center, 2012).Cultural values and practices exist at multiple contextual levels and intersect with personal and social factors (Abo-Zena & Ahmed, 2014 ). Variations: Culture

The Nones are rising nationally, and especially among emerging adults (Pew Research Center, 2012; Kosmin et al., 2009). Characteristics of nones: male, European and Asian American, high education and SES, origins from West and NE parts of U.S. Highly religious and nonreligious fare better psychologically than the weakly religious (Galen, 2012) Variations: The Nones

Concluding Thoughts

Salience of religiousness and spiritualityR/S is one of many paths for meaning-making (Mayseless & Keren, 2013)Person-context fitMultiple contexts Cross-Cutting Themes

Strive to have youth-affirming communities, and connect students to the community they need.Strive to be a secure base from which they can engage in meaning-making.Treat honest questions with honest answers.Be a role model; walk the walk. Implications for Emerging Adults’ Development

BooksArnett, J. J. (2015). (Ed.). The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Barry, C. M., & Abo-Zena , M. M. (Eds.). (2014). Emerging adults’ religiousness and spirituality: Meaning-making in an age of transition . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Freitas , D. (2008). Sex and the soul: Juggling sexuality, spirituality, romance, and religion on America’s college campuses . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Jacobsen, D., & Jacobsen, R. H. (2012). No longer invisible: Religion in university education. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Kimball, D. (2007). They like Jesus but not the church: Insights from emerging generations. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Marsh, C. (2005). The beloved community: How faith shapes social justice, from the civil rights movement to today. New York, NY: Basic Books.Setran, D. P., & Kiesling, C. A. (2013). Spiritual formation in emerging adulthood: A practical theology for college and young adult ministry. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.Smith, C. (2011). Lost in transition: The dark side of emerging adulthood. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Smith, C. (2014). Young Catholic America: Emerging adults in, out of, and gone from the church . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Resources

Loyola University Maryland for Senior Faculty Sabbatical GrantResearch collaborators of Mona Abo-Zena & Larry Nelson Dan, Kevin, and Ryan BarryFor further information, please contact Dr. Carolyn Barry at cbarry@loyola.edu Thanks to….