ENSEMBLE WP4 - Infrastructure and logistics WP4.1. Requirements - PowerPoint Presentation

ENSEMBLE WP4 - Infrastructure and logistics

WP4.1. Requirements from Infrastructure

Assessment of the impact of multi-brand platooning on:  existing road infrastructure (pavement, bridges, tunnels)Assessment of the variability of these impacts, because of the multi-brand characteristics of the platoon  Variability in loads and dimensions WP4.1. Requirements from infrastructure Subtask 4.1.1: Impacts of platoons on pavementsSubtask 4.1.2: Impacts of platoons on bridges and tunnelsSubtask 4.1.3: Trial on-road assessment of platoon impact on infrastructure

Subtask 4.1.1: Impacts of platoons on pavement Pavement design with platoons : Methodology Déformation (µm/m) 140 100 6020-20 00.10.20.30.4 0.5 Temps (s) Signal longitudinal Signal transversal For a HV, Pavement Design ToolAlizé ou ViscoRoute© 0.2 0.3 Induced strain (shape, intensity, etc.) ε max = … Np = … Ân = … D = … Life duration p rediction Signal processing / Calculation of different parameters Fatigue law (new model) Wandering + Miner law Characteristics of Heavy Vehicle Loads , Cumulated traffic Instrumentation on site Experimental program in Lab. Several configurations of platoons (speed, distance between vehicles, etc.) Reproduce in Lab. different configurations of platoons Objectif 1

Subtask 4.1.1: Impacts of platoons on pavement Test program with 3 heavy vehicles Measurements to evaluate the impact of platooning on pavement : on site monitoring 2 different temperatures : < 20°C (Mars 2019) and T  30°C (June – September 2019)3 different speeds (60 km/h, 75 km/h and 90 km/h)Distances D between the trucks function of the speed (about 0.5 second gap) Different case will be tested with each trucks apart and the with the 3 truck platoon KPI to be measured: Strain accumulation due to short rest periods between the load cycles Reduced lateral wandering compared with series of single vehiclesKPI to be derived: Lifetime: platoons vs series of single vehicles

Subtask 4.1.2 Impact of platoons on bridges and tunnels Longitudinal effect: more trucks on a spanTransversal effect: aligned wheel pathsPlatoons on bridges: vertical forces KPI to be measured : maximum stress under passage of a platoon, at various lateral positions KPI to be derived: - Reduction in bridge lifetime due to platooning. - In case of stopped traffic flow, increase of traffic queue (congestion).

Platoons and tunnels: calorific volume, traffic management issueMore trucks inside a tunnel Higher calorific volume (payload) Various traffic management procedures: Given (maximum) number of trucks in the tunnelStop other traffics at given times for truck passing Subtask 4.1.2 Impact of platoons on bridges and tunnels KPI to be measured : - Travel time to get through the tunnel- (Traffic management procedure) Spacing, driving speed through the tunnel- Quality of V2X and I2V communication

Task 4.3. Economic and environmental Benefits of multi-brand Truck Platooning

Objectives of T4.3 Economic and business model Understand the drivers’ behaviour and platooning market shareContribute to design the platooning processPrefigure some business modelsAnticipate regulatory questions: How does platooning fit in national freight transport policies?Are there infrastructure investment needs, where and how much?Is subsidy needed/justified?Environmental impactConfirm downsize fuel and GHG emission savings estimatesMeasure other pollutantsMeasure LCA impacts

T4.3.1 Economic and business modelsProblem statementDecision to equip a vehicle with platooning technologyDecision to form platoonsEconomic as a two-stage game The decision to equip a HGV for platooningThe decision to use the platooning serviceValue and costs of platooningSavings on fuel consumption and possibly other sources (to confirm) Platooning is a synchronisation effort, it entails a cost This cost is not the same for platooning on the fly and scheduled platooningGroup’s effectThe value of the service depends on the number of usersSpatial dimensionRoute choice is relevant

T 4.3.1 Approach : ad hoc Model PoC (not calibrated, orders of magnitudes are meaningless) Platooning value increases (and cost decreases) with trip length and traffic densityIt’s a fixed point problem: the more users, the higher the value - virtuous (or vicious?) circleShare of equipped trucks and share of platooning trucks are different

Task 4.4. I mpact on Truck Drivers and other Road Users (M3-M30)

Objectives Identification of possible issues for car drivers while meeting a platoonTest possible countermeasures to improve road safety and platoon acceptance by other road usersSubtask 4.4.1: Impact on other road users Use cases studied on a car driving simulator 3 manoeuvers: motorway entrance/exit and HGV overtaking2 platoon lengths (3 and 7 trucks)2 levels of traffic (high/low)2 spacing gaps (10 m and 15 m)

Subtask 4.4.2: Understanding the convoy use to forecast the platooning adoption by truck driversObjectives Identifying the variables preceding the platoon forming: Why does a truck driver decide to follow the truck in front of it? When does he begin to adapt its driving to the preceding vehicle? Specifying the strategies developed by the drivers to enter into a platoon, to stay in it (keep the spacing) or to leave it: How does he regulate the speed of its truck, and its spacing?What are the effects of the environment?Foreseeing the impacts of multi-brand platooning on truck drivers’ activity.Giving insight in the management interacting trucks involved in the future platoons.

State of art on driving in a platoon and car-following situations for truck drivers, autonomous vehicles and their impact on the travellersIdentification and establishment of contact with road transport companiesNaturalistic driving approach Development of a system combining two features/tools: i) measuring the truck speed and spacing, and ii) recording these parameters by video On-board observations (in trucks) in real situations during complete round trips on a French motorway (A1 or A10)Interviews with driversAnalysis of platooning practice in the truck driving activityStepsSubtask 4.4.2: cont’n

France: motorway A1 Paris to Lille Busiest French motorwayLength 211 kmMade of: Three lanes per direction,25 exits, 11 junctions, 10 rest areas (northbound) and 8 (southbound), 6 gas stations (northbound) and 7 (southbound), 2 toll gates and 1 tunnel (1,400 m)distance between rest areas (or gas stations) from 2 to 27 km (12 km in average)France: A10 motorway Paris to BordeauxLongest motorway in FranceLength 543 kmMade of: Three/two lanes per direction, 49 exits, 12 junctions, 22 rest areas 15 gas stations4 toll gatesdistance between rest areas from 1 to 33 kmFieldsSubtask 4.4.2: cont’n

KPIs on acceptability conditions of platooning by truck drivers:Driving experience (beginner vs experienced driver)Level of knowledge of the journeyType of infrastructure (number of lanes, exits, junctions…) Hour of the day (daylight driving vs night driving)Traffic conditions (free-flow traffic vs dense traffic , hazards)Time constraints on the driver (delays, required arrival time by the shipper or the customer, unexpected event reducing the room of manoeuver)… Observations won’t be able to assess the effect of these parameters on platooning. However, should we underline one of them on the driving strategies and the platooning practice by the driver?KPIsSubtask 4.4.2: end

4.5. Impact on Traffic Flow

Subtask 4.5.1. Methodology, proposed framework Simulation analysis Sizing KPIWhat if?Baseline Data Simulation-based  Impact assessment Verification & calibrationBaseline DataSpecifications Deployment Impact assessment Scaling-up Statistics, Analytics Field  Tests - Parameter - Models - Use casesNetworkDemandTraffic ControlUsercasesTruckspecs.PlatoonControlDefinitions - User case- Network- Similarities- Indicators Pre-deployment DeploymentFull implementation Data

Subtask 4.5.2. Traffic Impact - KPIs Dynamic performance & operation  Stability of traffic flow Measure and characterize dynamically a platoon formation in a heterogeneous framework (multi-brand). E.g. stability of the time gap between trucks, acceleration profiles for specific maneuvers.Impact on traffic flow & other users  Impact on road capacityDetermine the impact of truck platoon on other road users at traffic level. This can be characterized by a greater probability to overtake, increasing relative speed with respect to the platoon. Platoon behavior to maneuvers  Impact on road users + flow stability- Specific maneuvers can impact traffic behavior such as, joining a new platoon, dissolving an existing platoon, reaction to insertion maneuvers from external drivers.

WP2 : TNO Specification WP3 : OEM Algorithms integration WP-T4.5 Control algorithms Integration in Simulator Use case def.AnalysisWP5 : FinaldemonstrationFoT Experience from previous research Projects on CAV Academic research in Traffic Flow Theory TNO IDIADA WP4.4 LICIT Subtask 4.5.3. Model-based specification & assessment