Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals - PowerPoint Presentation

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Sexual Reproduction in Plants and Animals

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Key Terms

Pistil

Embryo

OvaryTestesBehavioural adaptation

Stamen

Sperm

Gonads

Pollen

Physical adaptation

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Sexual Reproduction

Gonads

– reproductive organs

Produce gametes

Male

gonad

=

testes

Female

gonad

=

ovaries

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Spermatogenesis

Male

gonad

= testesProduces specialized reproductive cells

sperm

Spermatogenesis

– process that makes

sperm

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Spermatogenesis

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Oogenesis

Female

gonad

= ovaryProduces specialized reproductive cells

ovum (egg)

Oogenesis

– process that makes

ovum

Only one egg cell

receives enough cytoplasm to survive

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Only one egg cell receives enough cytoplasm to survive

Oogenesis

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Oogenesis

produces

1 egg cell

(ovum) and 3 polar bodiespolar bodies in humans cannot be fertilized

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Fertilization

Meiosis

is necessary for

gametes to be producedAfter

fertilization

:

Mitosis

is used for growth of the

zygote

(single cell)

Zygote

needs

food, moisture, warmth and protection

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Zygote

will grow and develop

Next stage of development is embryoEmbryo also develops and matures through mitosis

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Types of Fertilization

1. Internal Fertilization

When the egg and sperm combine

inside the body

Example: humans, dogs, etc.

Most organisms on land reproduce through

internal fertilization

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Requires male to have specialized structure to

transfer sperm directly into female

Advantages

Very successful

Fewer

gametes required

Disadvantages

Requires

more energy

(especially from female)

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2. External Fertilization

When the egg and sperm combine

outside body

Example: frogs, fish, corals, etc.Most sea life reproduce through external fertilizationRelease eggs and sperm into the water

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Types of animals with

external

fertilizationFree-swimming animals (ex: fish) Lay eggs in a cluster, male will release sperm onto the egg clusterStationary organisms (ex: coral) Rely on water currents to bring gametes together

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Advantages

Does not require as much

energy

Disadvantages

It is

not safe

Predators

More gametes

needed

(not all likely to meet)

External fertilization: Salmon spawning -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOllUTBYZtE

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Plant Anatomy

Plants produce by

sexual reproduction

using male and

female gametes

Pollen

–

male

gamete

Found on

stamen

Ovum

–

female

gamete

Found on

pistil

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Plants have reproductive structures

Stamen

– male reproductive structure

Pistil

– female reproductive structure

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Anther

Filament

Stamen

(Male)

Petal

Stigma

Ovule (egg)

Sepal

Pistil

(Female)

Style

Ovary

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Pollination = Fertilization

Pollen

(male gamete) is transferred to

pistil (female reproductive structure)

Fertilizes

many eggs (

ovules

)

Produces

zygotes

Zygotes

develop into

seeds

Ovary

develops into

fruit

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Adaptations

Adaptations

are anything that

helps survival and the reproductive success of plants and animals

Sexual reproduction

produces

variation in offspring – ex: differences

Make sure that best genetics are passed on to next generation

Ex: “Only the strong survive”

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Animal Adaptations

Can be

physical adaptations

Changes over time to animal bodies (colour, size, limbs, etc.)

to help survive environments and reproduce

Can be

behavioural adaptations

Changes over time to the way an

animal acts

to help survive environments and reproduce

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Physical or Behavioural Adaptation?

Penguins live in large groups

Behavioural

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Stick bug looks like a leaf

Physical

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Bears hibernate in the winter

Behavioural

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Kangaroos have muscular legs to travel by jumping

Physical

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Cuckoo birds lay their eggs in other bird’s nests

(Red warbler feeding Cuckoo baby!)

Behavioural

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Bactrian camel stores fat and water

Physical

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Ground squirrels bury and store their food for winter

Behavioural

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Musk ox has thick shaggy hair to protect from -40-50 degrees C

Physical

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Mothers care for young offspring

Behavioural

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Puffer fish can expand to twice its size so it can’t be eaten

Physical

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Birds do a mating dance to attract a female

Behavioural

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Male and female peacocks are very different looking (sexual dimorphism)

Physical

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Snakes moult their skin

Physical

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Geese migrate south in the fall

Behavioural

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Sloths have long claws that allow them to climb and hang on trees

Physical

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A single elephant seal mates with multiple females (polygynous)

Behavioural

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Angler fish have a phosphorescent light organ to attract prey

Physical

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Bald eagles mate for life

(pair bonding)

Behavioural

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Turtles are adapted to swimming in the ocean

Physical

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Further reading:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations

http://www.animalplanet.com/wild-animals/resource-conservation/

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Plant Adaptations

Plants only have

physical adaptations

for their environmentsPlants do not have behaviours

Adaptations to desert environments

Cactus has spines instead of leaves (uses less water)

Cactus stores water in its stem

Cactus with hair to provide shade

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Waxy coating on leaves to prevent water loss

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Adaptations to prairie environments

Plants grow soft stems to bend in the wind

Thick bark on trees to resist fires

Fruit will be wind pollinatedExtensive root systems to absorb all moistureNarrow leaves on plants to loose less water

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Adaptations to tundra environments

Plants are usually very short – being close to the ground keeps them from freezing

Plants are darker in colour – help absorb solar heat

Plants grow in clumps to help protect from wind and cold

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Fruit Adaptations

Fruit are the

ovaries of plants

Plants have adaptions to help with seed dispersal

Spreading seeds to

new locations

Animal dispersal

Wind dispersal

Water dispersal

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Animal dispersal

Seeds can cling to animals

Burrs have barbs to stick to fur

Seeds grow in sweet, fleshy fruitAnimals eat fruit and defecate seeds in new locationAnimals bury fruit

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Wind dispersal

Seeds are hair-like or feather-like structures

Adapted to float in the wind to new locations

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Water dispersal

Plants that grow near water have fruit/seeds that float

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Asexual

Reproduction

Sexual

Reproduction

One

parent

Two

parents

Meiosis

-

gametes

One

offspring

Combination

of both parents

genes

.

High variation

due to gamete production and fertilization.

Mitosis

-

daughter cells

Two

offspring

Genetically

identical

to parent.

No variation

unless due

to mutations.

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Asexual Reproduction

Advantages

Disadvantages

Less

chance for

evolution

Can lead to

overcrowding

and

competition

for

survival

.

Genetically identical

organisms are more

vulnerable

to disappearing because of a

catastrophe or disease

.

No

need to find a

partner

Less energy

is required

to reproduce.

Offspring

are

well adapted

to the

environment

because of the success of the parent.

Fast

– can take over an area quickly by reproducing.

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Advantages

Disadvantages

Sexual Reproduction

Slow

– finding a partner and producing

gametes

takes time

.

Lots of energy used

to make

gametes

and attract a mate.

The genetic results of

meiosis

and often

fertilization

, are unpredictable

Increases genetic variation in a species -

more evolution

Variations guarantee that a

higher proportion will survive

in cases of catastrophe or disease.

Two parents

to watch over offspring

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Advantages

Disadvantages

Sexual Reproduction

(continued)

Genetic "

errors

" happen more

frequently

because

meiosis is more complex

than mitosis.

Only the “

strongest

” will be able to

reproduce

allowing the best

qualities to be passed on

to new generations.

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Human Anatomy and Reproduction

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Male Anatomy

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Key Terms

Epididymis

Semen

UrethraSeminal vesicleCowper’s gland

Vas deferens

Scrotum

Prostate gland

Seminiferous tubules

Penis

Testes

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Male Reproductive System

Purpose:

To produce sperm

Pass sperm on to femaleThrough

sexual intercourse

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Male Anatomy

Scrotum

Urethra

Penis

Vas Deferens

Bladder

Testes

Epididymus

Cowper’s Gland

Prostate

Seminal Vesicle

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Anatomy and Function

Scrotum

Holds the

testes externally (outside)

Provides a

cooler environment

For making

healthy sperm

Testes

Contains

seminiferous tubules

Tiny tubes that produce

300-500 million sperm per day

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Epididymis

Storage place where

sperm

are kept until they leave the bodyVas deferensCarries sperm from epididymis to the urethra

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Urethra

Carries both

sperm

and urine through the penisBladder has a small valve that stops urine during ejaculationPenisExternal organ that is specialized to deliver sperm during sexual intercourse

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Prostate gland

Seminal vesicle

Cowper’s gland

3 glands together make the fluid called semenSemen contains nutrients that give sperm the energy to swim from the male and reach the egg in the oviduct

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Sperm

Made in the

seminiferous tubules

in the testes

Stored in the

epididymis

Travels through the

vas deferens

to the

urethra

Ejaculated

into the female to

find the egg

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Sperm head:

Contains

chromosomes

Contains chemicals for entering the eggSperm tail:Provides mobilityPropelling the sperm forward

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Spermatogenesis

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Female Anatomy

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Key Terms

Oocyte

Ovary

VaginaFollicle cellsUrethra

Cervix

Oviduct (fallopian tube)

Ovulation

Endometrium

Uterus

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Female Reproductive System

Purpose:

To produce eggs

Nourish and hold zygote

until fully developed

Give birth

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Oviduct

Cervix

Uterus

Vagina

Urethra

Bladder

Ovary

Female Anatomy

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Anatomy and Function

Vagina

Receives sperm

from the maleActs as

birth canal

Cervix

Connects

vagina

to

uterus

Directs

sperm

into

uterus

during

sexual intercourse

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Urethra

Carries

urine from bladder out

OvaryLocation of follicle cellsFollicle cells develop into mature egg cells ready to be fertilized by sperm

Releasing an egg from an

ovary

is called

ovulation

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Uterus

Hollow muscular organ

Where the

fertilized egg will implant and growLined by the endometriumEndometrium is blood-rich layer that will nourish and protect fertilized egg

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Oviduct

Also known as

fallopian tube

Connects ovary to uterusWhere fertilization happens (sperm meets egg)If no fertilization -- takes the unfertilized egg and transports it to uterus

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Egg Cells (Oocytes)

Ovaries

contain

follicle cellsFollicle cell – is a cell that contains an

egg cell (oocyte)

Oocyte

develops in the

ovary

until

ovulation

At

ovulation

the

follicle cell

bursts and releases the mature egg

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Ovarian Cycle

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Fertilization

Fertilization

takes place

in the oviduct

Millions of sperm begin the journal, only a

few thousand reach the egg in the

oviduct

Only one

sperm

can

fertilize

the

egg

The first

sperm

to get through the cell wall of the egg sets off a chemical reaction that

stops other sperm from entering the egg

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Fertilized egg

lodges into the

endometrium

in the uterus wallWhere it gets nourishment and protection