“All for One and One for All” - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

“All for One and One for All”

Comments on the

FAO Food Security Index

Elliot M Berry, MD, FRCP

Visiting Expert in Nutrition, ESN

FAO, Rome

and

Braun School of Public Health, JerusalemSlide2

The Three

Key Messages

forWorld Food Day 16 October 2013

Good Nutrition depends on Healthy DietsHealthy diets require Healthy Food Systems – along with education, health, sanitation and other factorsHealthy Food Systems are made possible by appropriate policies, incentives and governance

Question: How to assess and monitor

Sustainable Healthy Food Systems?Slide3

Food Secure

Temporary

Food Insecure

VulnerabilityUtilizationChronic

Food Insecurity

PoU

Positive

Coping

Negative

Stability

Individual

Household

National

Time

Accessibility

Availability

Level

The Elements of Food (In)Security

Household Consumption & Expenditure Surveys

Diet Diversity

Anthropometry

Biomarkers

Health Stats

Food Balance Sheets

Diet Assessment

Coping

Volatility

Indices

*Global Nutritional Index

Indicators

And

many,

many

more…

Waste

Waste

FIESSlide4

“Of making many Indices there is no end....”

Food Security as an example

at least 9 Household Indices

Coping Strategies Index CSIReduced CSIHousehold Food Insecurity and Access ScaleHousehold Hunger ScaleFood Consumption ScoreHousehold Dietary Diversity Scale

Self-Assessed Food Security

Household Consumption & Expenditure Survey

US H-hold

FS

Surv

Mod (HFSSM)

at

least

8 Overall indices

FAO UndernourishmentGlobal Hunger Index

Global Food Security Index

Poverty & Hunger Index

Hunger Reduction Commitment Index

Anthropometric IndicesDietary Diversity Score

Medical & Biomarker Indicators

+ ......

So why do we need another index???How different are they? How do they overlap?

Maxwell et al. Tufts Univ, 2013

Pangaribowo et al : Foodsecure

, 2013Slide5

Key:

FAOIU –

FAO Indicators of Undernourishment

GHI – Global Hunger IndexGFSI – Global Food Security IndexPHI – Poverty & Hunger IndexHRCI – Hunger Reduction Commitment IndexAI – Anthropometric IndicatorsDDS – Dietary Diversity ScoreMBI –

Medical

& Biomarker Indicators

Food

and Nutritional Security Indicators: a review.

Pangaribowo

et al eds,

Foodsecure, 2013… Stability is not covered by any of them

Stability

Utilization

Availability

Accessibility

Are all 4 elements of Food Security equal,

or are some more equal than others...??

Problem of Weightings & Analytic Hierarchy ProcessSlide6

The Problem of Weightings (Wt) in FAO Food Security Index

Dimension

Indicator

Wt ∑WtAVAILABILITY1 Domain0.25

Av Diet Energy Supply (DES), Av Value of Food Prod

Share of DES from cereals, roots etc

Av Protein Supply, Av Protein Supply of Animal Origin

0.04, each

0.06, each

ACCESS

3 Domains

0.25

Physical

(

Σ0.8)% Paved Roads

Road density, Rail- line density0.020.03, each

Economic

Domestic Food Price Index0.08

Health

Prevalence of Undernourishment0.08

UTILIZATION

2

Domains

0.25Pub Health

(Σ0.10)

Water, Sanitation0.05, each

Child Anthrop (

Σ0.16)

Stunting, UnderweightWasting0.06, each

0.04

STABILITY2 Domains

0.25 Exposure (Σ

0.13)Cereal Import dependency% Land equipped irrigation, Food Imp / Σ

merchand Exp0.05

0.04, each Shock

(Σ0.13)

Political Stability, Domestic FPU VolatilityFood Supply Variability0.04, each0.05Slide7

Some additions to the Proposed Food Security Index FAO

Utilization

Missing @ level of Household/

Individ

Food Safety, Losses & Waste

Outcomes

Health Status

Obesity

BMI NCDs, CVD, Diabetes, Cancer

Food Insecurity

Coping

Sustainability

Availability

Access

Utilization

Stability/

Vulnerability

Outcomes

Coping

Economic

Physical

Sustainability

Utilization

Missing data for micronutrients

Vulnerable groups,

Pregnancy

, HIV, elderly...Slide8

“All for One and One for All”

FAO Food Security Index – For the Future (1)

Data Collection Standardization of Methodology, High Frequency to capture seasonality and vulnerability GPS and Mobile Phone TechnologyCost Choice of Suite of IndicatorsProblem of

Weightings

and

Evolution of the 4 elements of FS

Appropriate to the Level – National, Household, Individual and Target Populations

At-risk groups: early life malnutrition, elderly, HIV, poor..

To add Losses & Waste, Food Safety, Micronutrients

Health Outcomes: BMI, NCDs...

Coping Strategies – Cultural Dependency

Sustainability

Elliot.Berry

@ fao.org; Elliotb @ ekmd.huji.ac.ilSlide9

“All for One and One for All”

FAO Food Security Index – For the Future (2)

Data Analysis and Presentation

Ability to Aggregate & Disaggregate data Between Countries (Fixed) and Within countries (Flexible)Geo-spatial methodologies Monitoring & EvaluationValidity (corresponds accurately) – problem of ‘gold standard’

Reproducibility (test-retest)

Cross-cultural comparability

Predictive Power

Conclusion

: FAO as the natural, “neutral broker” to lead & coordinate a comprehensive

Food Security Index

along the whole Sustainable Healthy Food System – from Farm to Fork

Elliot.Berry

@ fao.org;

Elliotb @ ekmd.huji.ac.ilSlide10

Some Questions for Sustainable Food Security / Systems (SFS)

At National Level

Under what framework to integrate the many discipline - Agriculture, Health, Environment – involved in Sustainability?

How can Bio-Technology / Bio-Fortification help improve Food Security?How will external issues affect Food Security – such as a) Globalization; b) Urbanization; c) Biodiversity; d) Climate change?What should be the criteria for incorporating & prioritizing short and long-term SFS in national policiesAt Household LevelHow can communication and information technology be used to improve data collection? What strategies can a) Increase and improve food production; b) Facilitate access ; c) Reduce food losses and waste? At Individual LevelHow to best assess SFS for different groups – farmers, rural women, consumers, special needs vulnerable groups?

Use of Mobile Phones for monitoring Food Security

How to improve

Behaviour

change (education) and Coping skills in culturally sensitive ways?