By Erin Smith Robert Hardmond and Chad Wynne Part of the Ottoman empire until 1914 British had been in charge since 1882 The War Protect Suez Staging point for attack on Johnny Turk Provide Labor and cotton ID: 535546
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Slide1
Egypt, WWI, and its aftermath
By
Erin Smith,
Robert
Hardmond
and
Chad WynneSlide2
Part of the Ottoman empire until 1914
British had been in charge since 1882Slide3
The War
Protect Suez
Staging point for attack on Johnny Turk
Provide Labor and cottonSlide4
Defended the Canal
January/Feb 1915Slide5
Staging and training for GallipoliSlide6
The Push on Palestine - 1917Slide7
Wafd - Delegation
September 18, 1918
Members of
Umma
Party
Lutfi
al
Sayyid
Saad
Zaghlul
Muhammad Mahmud
Ali SharawiAbd al Aziz
Fahmi
Wanted to attend Paris Peace Conference
November 13, 1918 –
Yawm
al Jihad (Day of Struggle)
Zaghlul
,
Sharawi
, &
Fahmi
meet with Sir Reginald Wingate
Demand to go to London
DeniedSlide8
Lutfi
al
Sayyid
Saad
Zaghlul
Muhammad Mahmud
Sir Reginald WingateSlide9
1919 Revolution
March 8 –
Zaghlul
and three others are thrown into
Qasr
an Nil prison, then deported to Malta
Popular uprising begins with violent clashes, student demonstrations, and massive strikes
March 16 – upper class women, led by
Safia
Zaghlul
and Huda
Sharawi (founder of Egyptian Feminist Union), stage demonstrationsMarch 17 – one of the largest demonstrations with over 10,000 participants marches from Al Azhar to
Abdin
Palace in CairoSlide10
Huda
Sharawi
Safia
ZaghlulSlide11
Al
Azhar
Mosque
Abdin PalaceSlide12
1919 Revolution
General Edward Allenby sent to end revolution and demonstrations
Got agreement that if demonstrations stopped,
Wafd
would be allowed to go to Paris Peace Conference
Lord Alfred Milner and
Zaghlul
made an Agreement in 1920 to work for Egyptian independence
February 1921 – Britain okayed the abolishment of the protectorate
April 4, 1921 –
Zaghlul
returns to Egypt to much fanfare
December 23, 1921 - Allenby deports Zaghlul to the SeychellesMajor violent demonstrations break out againSlide13
Lord Milner
General AllenbySlide14
Egyptian Independence – Of a Sort
February 28, 1922 – Britain unilaterally declares Egyptian independence
No negotiations with any Egyptians
In independence, 4 matters were “absolutely reserved to the discretion” of Britain
Communication security
Defense of Egypt against foreign aggression
Protection of foreign interests and minorities
The Sudan
Sultan Ahmad
Fuad
becomes King
Fuad
IHis son Faruk
named heir
April 19, 1922 – Egyptian constitution established
Electoral law issued for parliamentary electionsSlide15
Fuad
I &
Faruk
ISlide16
Political Issues
King sought to preserve his prerogatives and limit power of parliament.
Prime Minister
Zaghlul
sought to expand his powers and that of the parliament.
King could appoint prime ministers and dissolve parliament
Britain still had considerable influence in Egyptian affairs.
Lack of cooperation and compromise on the part of political actors.
Short lived governments and periods of royal rule.Slide17
1936
Britain renegotiates the 1922 declaration
Britain retains right to deploy troops in EgyptSlide18
The Wafdist’s
problems
Too elite, Europeanized, and secular
De-emphasized Arabic and Islamic values
Compulsory education for girls
Voluntary organizations outside of the political system organized to address social and economic problems ignored by
Wafdists
.
Slide19
Muslim Brotherhood
Established 1928
Leader
Hasan
al
Banna
By end of 1930’s 500 branches of the Brotherhood are established.
Called for restoration of
Shariah
Law
Some accommodation for modern society
Call for economic reforms, land redistribution, social welfare programs, unemployment benefits
Linked to labor movement Established schools with religious and secular curriculumBroad based support across class lines, rural and urban divide.Slide20
WWII
1939, Egypt does not declare war on Axis, only breaks off relations.
1942 February 4
th
incident – British force King Farouk to appoint pro-British prime minister by force. Grain riots.Slide21
Arab League
Created in 1945
Rise in nationalist feeling in Egypt.
Egyptian leadership in creation of
Arab League.Slide22
Teaching plans
Time period -1882 to 1936
A single lesson in a larger unit about neo-imperialism, inner war years, or the modern Middle East, most likely in an AP class.Slide23
Key Questions
How did neo-imperialist action affect the region?
How did internal issues and actions affect the region in the inter-war years.
How did independence and the history of the inter-war years lead to modern issues in Egypt?Slide24
Resources and Activities
Photographs
Book excerpts
Power Point lecture
News articles from the period and now
Jigsaw book excerpts
Compare and contrast historical and modern newspaper articles followed by discussionSlide25
Assessment
How is the history of Egypt an example of neo-colonialism?
How does the history of Egypt represent the larger issues of conflict between traditional Islamic/Arab values and modernity.