7 Continents WWI MAIN Causes of WWI - PowerPoint Presentation

7 Continents

WWI

MAIN Causes of WWI There were four major reasons for tension in Europe before WWI. -Each reason has something to do with the competition between countries to be the greatest.

Nationalism Does everyone know we have he BEST country in the world? Loyalty and extreme pride in one’s country. We are better than you! Our country is the biggest and best! Example: PRO:Encouraged new nations (Governments) like Italy & Germany to be formed. CON: These new nations' strength challenged older nations like Great Britain & France. Ethnic Groups (people who share common language & traditions)demanded nations of their own.

Imperialism Do we have the largest & most powerful empire ? We have a right to take over weaker or smaller nations because we are big and strong! Nations wanted to colonize other countries (in Africa & Asia), which led to competition. Example: Great Britain & France controlled many colonies and countries like Germany, Italy, & Russia wanted some too. Many conflicts began to break out.

Militarism Do we have the largest & most powerful army ? Building up a strong military. Nations began to strengthen their military. As one would grow stronger, another would increase their force as well. Once again, big competitions. Example: By early 1900’s Germany, France, & Russia had developed huge armies. Great Britain & Germany developed a bitter rivalry and an “arms race” began. “Boys with TOYS!”

Alliances Do we have he most supporters watching our backs? Defense agreement among nations. (The members of each alliance pledged to come to the aid of each other in crisis. They tried to keep peace by forming a balance of power to keep one country from dominating another. This did not help, but created more and more friction between countries.)Example: “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” If you will promise to protect me than I will promise to protect you if we are attacked. By 1914 , two major alliances had been established. -Triple Alliance : Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy. -Triple Entente (understanding among nations): Great Britain, France, & Russia.

Cause of WWI WWI was caused by M.A.I.N. Militarism Alliance Imperialism NationalismCountries exhibiting MAIN eventually began to fight with each other, leading to a world war.This became known as THE GREAT WAR! Or the WAR TO END ALL WARS!

Europe during WWI By 1914 , two major alliances had been established: a. Triple Alliance included: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy b. Triple Entente included: Great Britain, France, Russia

The EVENT (short term cause) that started the fighting of WWI. p.226-227 Bosnia , a small section of the Empire of Austria-Hungary, wanted to separate from them and become part of Serbia.Serbia wanted Bosnia to join their country so they could have access to the sea (a seaport). The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie traveled to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia to convince the people to remain part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Primary Documents: Archduke Franz Ferdinand's Assassination, 28 June 1914 The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, on 28 June 1914. Ferdinand - and his wife Sophie - were killed by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip while on a formal visit to Sarajevo.  Princip shot Ferdinand at point blank range while the Archduke was traveling in his car from a townhall reception, having earlier that dayalready survived one assassination attempt.

As the car came alongside, he stepped forward from the curb, drew his automatic pistol from his coat and fired two shots. The first struck the wife of the Archduke, the Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. She was an expectant mother. She died instantly. The second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart. He uttered only one word, 'Sofia' -- a call to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he collapsed. He died almost instantly.

Gavrilo Princip was a member of the Black Hand Terrorist Group, which was from Serbia but not backed by the Serbian Government.The rulers of Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the assassination and moved to crush the Serbian nationalist movement. With the support of their ally, Germany , Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.

The war between Austria-Hungarian Empire and Germany against Serbia should have been a short little war, as Serbia is a very small, unprepared country. BUT…Serbia also had an ally…. RUSSIA ! Germany , an ally of Austria-Hungary then declared war on Russian and Russia’s Ally, France .

Germany decided to attack France first, so they invaded BELGIUM (a neutral country) on their way to France. This was easier than going over the mountains…and it would bring in another BIG country into the war. Belgium had an ally, Great Britain , who then declared war on Germany…by August 4, 1914, The Great War has begun!

(END Day 1)

3. In 1915, Italy dropped out of the Triple Alliance. Name Change: Triple Alliance becomes the Central Powers Triple Entente becomes the Allied Powers (Italy joins this team)

The Triple Alliance becameknown as the Central Powers. Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman EmpireBulgaria

The Triple Entente became known as the Allies. Great Britain France Russia(Italy in 1915 )

WWI, was also called The Great War . Allied Powers vs. Central Powers Great Britain Germany France Austria-HungaryRussia Ottoman Empire(Turkey)Japan BulgariaItaly United States - later

Fighting in the Trenches Germany’s military came within 15 miles of Paris, France before they were pushed back by the French and British armies. Had the captured Paris they would have controlled the whole country. The Battle of Marne lasted 7 days and was won by the Allied Powers…Paris was saved.Fighting along the Maginot line – a line of trenches and bunkers between France and Germany lasted for 3 years with little advances being made. A STALEMATE! Neither side could win. The German offensive –The Battle of Verdun The British & French offensive – The Battle of Somme…only gained 7 miles of territory.

The Allies and the Central P owers both dug trenches along the French German Boarder.

New Weapons of War Improved cannons , artillery and better rifles enabled soldiers to hit targets with greater accuracy causing more deaths. Poison gas developed by the Germans was devastating. Allies developed their forms of poison gases and began using them also.Armored TankAnd the most dramatic new weapon –The Airplane- was used by both sides for dog fights The Germans used zeppelins, or blimps to bomb the alliesGermany invented the submarine, known as the U-Boat or Unterseeboot in German, was a very effective weapon.(End – A World War Begins, day 2.)

Trenches often filled with mud, making life difficult.

Off to the front we go !

Each trench consisted of three main parts: 1. Duckboards-put in the bottom of the trench for better traction in the mud, 2. A Fire step-where soldiers stood to shoot towards the enemy, 3. Sandbags in front of the trench and in back of the trench-for protection.

Shell holes filled with water after the rain. Each hole is where artillery exploded and left a crater, dead trees are all that’s left of this forest. Trench Mortars'

Water filtering station – developed in some of the older trenches to provide soldiers with cleaner drinking water.

Fire was the only warmth during life in the trenches. Often used for warming food when there was no fighting.

Whistle….Over the top…

Duckboards were also used to cross battle fields after the enemy was pushed back.

Pill Box Bunkers made of concrete were used for the long range artillery guns .

Gas Masks…the difference between life and death.

Blinded by the gas…having to march away from the front, blindfolded.

Wet feet led to Trench Foot- swollen rotting flesh.

Removal of the wounded and dead was difficult during the wet season.

Dead trees with tunnels leading to them were often used as lookouts or for sniper posts.

Flame Throwers were used to deter the oncoming enemy soldiers or burn off vegetation that they could hide in.

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htm Many times limbs were amputated in the field hospitals to save the soldiers life

And you thought life in the trenches was fun….but in reality war is UGLY!

(1) Naval Blockade Germany had an effective sea weapon know as the submarine or u-boat , which they used to blockade the ports of Great Britain and prevented needed food and supplies from reaching the people.The Germans u-boats often attacked ships without warning, killing many allied soldiersAs a “neutral” nation the US decided to trade with both the allies and the central powers, but Great Britain’s blockade of the North Sea made it difficult to trade with Germany. So, most of the trade was with the Allies. America need money to boost their economy. Start Reasons America Goes to War

On May 1, 1915, the Lusitania left port in New York for Liverpool to make her 202nd trip across the Atlantic. On board were 1,959 people, 159 of whom were Americans. On May 7, 1915, a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the Lusitania , a British passenger liner.Nearly 1200 people, including 128 Americans, were killed. When Germany started sinking U.S. supply ships, we began to hide military goods in the bottom of passenger ships (which were supposed to be neutral). It was later discovered that this neutral ship was carrying war materials for Great Britain. (2) The Lusitania (page 674)

Yellow Journalism Newspapers throughout the US spread the word about the killing of innocent Americans on the Lusitania . This outraged the people of the US and they called for war.

Lets Prepare!!!! In the summer of 1916, Congress passed legislation that doubled the size of the army and provided money to build new warships. America wanted to trade with Great Britain and to supply them with weapons. This would help America make money to build up their military.

Keep America out of the war! March 1916 - a German u-boat attacks a French passenger ship the Sussex, with several American passengers on board. Fearing the Americans might enter the war, Germany offered to compensate Americans injured on the Sussex and promised to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking. This became known as the Sussex Pledge .

(3)The Sussex Pledge This pledge only lasted about a year. Germany again began launching attacks on ships, including American vessels. Germany declared “ Unrestricted Submarine Warfare ” stating they would destroy any ship they thought could be carrying war goods to the allies, regardless if there were passengers on board. Breaking the Sussex Pledge!

America???(4) Ties to the Homeland (page 232) President Wilson declared that the United States would be neutral in the war. At the start of the war, 1/3 of the Americans were foreign-born or children of immigrants. This made them favor their countries of origin, the Allied side, because most immigrants were W.A.S.P.

(3) The Zimmerman Telegram While America was trying to stay out of the war in Europe… The British intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico, and deciphered it. Give out Zimmerman Telegram and have students work with a partner to try to decipher it. (#7) Students need to have at least Who, What, When, Where and Why written on #7. Finish for homework. (End Reasons to go to War –Day 3)

(3) The Zimmerman Telegram (continued) They found out that Germany was asking Mexico to get together with Japan and attack the United States . In return Germans would give back to Mexico the land that they lost to the United States (Texas). NOW WHAT? Well Britain sent this translated telegram to the United States newspaper who PUBLISHED IT! This outraged the US people who once again called for America to enter the war.(Continue Reasons to go to War –Day 4)Give out deciphered Zimmerman Telegram, glue over coded telegram and have students do #1-6 on Zimmerman handout.

Decoded

In January of 1917, British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt , offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause. This message helped draw the United States into the war and thus changed the course of history.  The telegram had such an impact on American opinion that, according to David Kahn, author of The Codebreakers , "No other single cryptanalysis has had such enormous consequences."

End of Neutrality for the U.S. Lusitania is sunk killing 128 Americans. Sussex Pledge Broken Zimmerman Telegram published. Russia overthrew their Monarchy & established a democracy. (We believe Democracy against autocracy, which means rule by one person with unlimited power.) German U-boats sank 4 U.S. ships without warning.

WAR! On April 2, 1917, President Wilson stood before a special session of Congress to ask for a declaration of war against GERMANY! On April 6 th he signed the declaration of war, bringing the United States into WWI.On May 18, Congress passed the Selective Service Act, establishing a military draft. Men age 21 to 30 registered by the millions! Women joined too, but they were not allowed in combat. African Americans also signed up for the army and navy….the Marines would not accept them (more discrimination). The first American soldiers reached France in June 1917, nearly 3 years after the beginning of WWI.

“Here We Come to Save the Day!” General John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), the American troops in Europe.With the help of the U.S. troops the Germans were quickly pushed back. They fought in the battles of:The Marne RiverThe Belleau WoodVerdunArgonne Forest-lasted 7 weeks, in heavily forested grounds, with lots of rain, mud, barbed wire, and machine guns firing from all directions. The Allies pushed the Germans back and invaded Germany. American Troops were nicknamed Doughboys, because they were plump. (End of Neutrality for the U.S.)

Life in America during WWI America Mobilized for war. Our industries expanded to meet the needs for supplies and weapons. What did workers gain with passing of the National War Labor Board? (p. 235)* 8 hour work day* extra pay for overtime* equal pay for women* right to form unions Millions of men left their jobs to join the war, so the women and minorities filled their jobs.The government sold “Liberty Bonds”, raised taxes and income taxes to raise money for the war. (Begin On the Homefront & Searching for Peace pg. 684-690)

The Food Administration encouraged people to eat less, or RATION , so we could send food to our soldiers. “ M eatless Mondays, “ “Wheatless Wednesdays,” Porkless Thursdays, and asked Americans to plant “Victory Gardens”Slogans were put up everywhere: “Serve just enough” “Use all Leftovers” r eminded Americans to conserve food.

Support the war….or else! The government passed the Espionage Act in 1917 which posed stiff penalties for spying, interfering with army recruiting. In 1918 the Sabotage Act and the Sedition Act were passed. These laws made it a crime to say, print, or write almost anything perceived as negative about the government. End On The Homefront

The End is Near On October 4, 1918 the German government appealed to President Wilson for an armistice , or an agreement to end the fighting. (Just a little over a year after the US joined the war!) On November 11, 1918 at 11:00am, WWI came to an end when Germany signed the armistice. (11/11 at 11:00 am.) President Wilson’s conditions: 1. Germany must accept his plan for peace& promise not to renew hostilities. 2. German troops must leave Belgium and France. 3. Wilson would only deal with civilian leaders, not military leaders. 4. German leaders considered the conditions & the German people got mad (that the government would not accept Wilson’s conditions). On November 9, 1918, the people took over the government and removed Kaiser Wilhelm II from power. Germany became a Republic, and agreed to work with President Wilson.The WAR IS OVER!!!The armistice began on November 11, 1918.Originally called Armistice Day. After the end of WWII it was changed to Veterans Day.Searching For Peace

The Fourteen Points Plan In January 1919, a peace conference was held in Paris, France to officially end the war. President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for Europe which he called his Fourteen Points Plan . President Wilson wanted to preserve peace without further wars. He called for many changes and the development of a League of Nations. Five major points from his plan. * Free Trade* Freedom of the Seas*End Secret Treaties *Reduce & limit arms (weapons) *Peaceful settlement of disputes over colonies The League of Nations would be a committee of people from all countries that would try to work out their differences without going to war.The allies disagreed on many points of Wilsons plan, (they wanted to punish Germany) but in the end the Treaty of Versailles was created including the League of Nations.

The Big 4 at the Paris Peace Conference were: USA – President Wilson Great Britain – Prime Minister GeorgeFrance – Premier ClemenceauItaly – Prime Minister OrlandoThe final treaty was called the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 246)The four main points of the treaty: (p. 246) 1.Germany must accept responsibility2.Germany had to pay damages 3.Germany must disarm 4.Germany must give up all over-seas territories & parts of Europe

President Wilson came back to America to present the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations ( the 14 th point of Wilsons’s Plan) to Congress. After several months of arguments, Congress opposed the treaty and refused to sign it or to join the League of Nations.

Still at war? Because the United States did not sign the treaty, we were still officially at war with the Central Powers. In 1921 the United States signed a separate peace treaty with each of the Central Powers and it never joined the League of Nations.

Let the good times roll! The Roaring 20’s are here!