Animals are the most physically diverse kingdom but share common characteristics Most animals reproduce sexually Animal cells are supported by collagen threestranded protein found in bone ID: 688411
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Slide1
Kingdom AnimaliaSlide2
Animal Characteristics
Animals are the most physically diverse kingdom but share common characteristics.
Most animals reproduce sexually. Slide3
Animal cells are
supported by collagen.
three-stranded
proteinfound in bone,skin, ligaments,
fingernails,
and hairSlide4
Most animals have
Hox
genes
Homeotic genes control early development.
Hox
genes determine the position of cells’ differentiation.
A
Hox
gene mutation leads to the development of a body structure in the wrong position.
Hox
genes tell embryonic cells which body part to become.
Mutations in Hox genes led to the vast diversity of animal species.
head
tail
head
tail
fruit fly genes
human
HOX-B genesSlide5
How are animals grouped into phyla?
Three criteria are used to categorize animals.
B
ody plan symmetryTissue layersDevelopmental patternsSlide6
Body plan symmetry
Asymmetry
(no symmetry)
Bilateral (left/right)
Radial (circular, around a central axis)Slide7
Animals
are divided into two major groups, the
protostomes
and the
deuterostomes
.
Protostomes form
the mouth end of the digestive tract first
and
the anus
second.
Deuterostomes form
the anus end of the digestive tract first and then the mouth.Slide8
A comparison of structure and genetics reveals the evolutionary history of animals.
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major radiations on the animal phylogenetic tree.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
RADIAL
NO TISSUES
PROTOSTOMES
DEUTEROSTOMES
jellyfish, coral, anemones
sponges
flatworms
Segmented
worms
clams, snails,
octopuses
roundworms
crustaceans,
insects, spiders
sea stars,
sea urchins
lancelets,
vertebratesSlide9
Cells are differentiated into tissues during development in all animals
except sponges
Cnidarians only have 2 layers
Ectoderm (becomes skin and nerves)Endoderm (becomes digestive tract)All other animals have three layers
Ectoderm and endoderm
Mesoderm (becomes skeleton, muscles, organs)Slide10
In all except sponges and cnidarians, a body cavity may develop
Having a body cavity is an advantage, as it allows for more internal space
Flatworms
All others
Roundworms
GutSlide11
Animal Orientation
dorsal
ventral
anterior
posteriorSlide12
Phylum
Porifera
SpongesSlide13
Sponges are asymmetrical
filter-feedersSlide14Slide15
Sponges are
hermaphrodites
. They are able to produce both egg & sperm cells.
But
they DO NOT self-fertilize. Slide16
Phylum
Cnidaria
Jellyfish
HydraSea Anemones and CoralSlide17
c
nidocyte
or nematocystSlide18
Cnidarians are NOT hermaphrodites. They have separate males & females. They have external fertilization. Slide19
Jellyfish Slide20Slide21
Hydra
are much smaller than jellyfish (almost microscopic). They use their stinging tentacles to catch protozoans. Slide22
Sea anemonesSlide23Slide24
Coral
Coral live in colonies that secrete a calcium “shell” for protection (reefs)Slide25
Phylum Platyhelminthes
“Flatworms”
Planaria
TapewormsFlukesSlide26
A
coelomate
Protostome
development
Cephalization
Bilateral symmetry
Two-way gutSlide27
Planaria
live in freshwater or in soil.
Very small and have eye spots to sense light changes. Slide28
Tapeworms and flukes are entirely
parasitic
. They typically live as larvae in one host and as adults in another host.Slide29
Phylum
Nematoda
“Roundworms”Slide30
Pseudocoelomate
Thickened
exterior
cuticle
One-way gutSlide31
Most are parasitic.
Many live in the soil and freshwater.Slide32
Phylum Annelida
“Segmented Worms”
Earthworms
Leeches
RagwormsSlide33
True coelomates
5 beating hearts– closed circulatory system
Setae—bristles
(for anchoring & traction)Slide34
Earthworms
(terrestrial)
Ragworms
(marine)
Leeches
(mostly freshwater)Slide35
Earthworms are hermaphrodites– but remember, they do NOT self-fertilize.
They
fertilize each other.
The
clitellum becomes a cocoon for the eggs. Slide36
Phylum Mollusca
“Soft-bodied Animals”
Clams, mussels, oysters
Snails and slugs
Octopus and squidSlide37
Mucus-covered mantle
Gills
Contains smartest group of invertebrates
Many
have shells (“valves
”)
Three-part body plan:
head, visceral mass, muscular footSlide38
BivalvesSlide39
GastropodsSlide40
CephalopodsSlide41
Phylum Echinodermata
“
Spiny-skinned Animals
”
Sea Lilies
Seastars
and
Brittlestars
Sea Urchins and Sea CucumbersSlide42
Deuterostome development
Five-part
radial symmetry
Water-vascular system
E
ndoskeletonSlide43
Seastars
and
Brittlestars
Sea Lilies
(sessile)Slide44
Sea Urchins
Sea CucumbersSlide45
Phylum Arthropoda
Myriapods
Crustaceans
ArachnidsInsectsSlide46
Trilobites
(ancient/extinct)
Chelicerates
(arachnids, horseshoe crabs)Myriapods (millipedes, centipedes)Crustaceans (barnacles, lobsters, crabs)Hexapods
(insects)Slide47
Chitinous
exoskeleton which is
shed (molted) during
growth
Jointed appendagesSlide48
Centipedes
Mostly harmless
Carnivores– eat insects, grubs, other
centipedes
1 pair of legs per segmentSlide49
Millipedes
Herbivores
Eat decaying material or plant material
Some secrete poisonous chemicals through their skin as a
defense
2 pairs of legs per segmentSlide50
Crustaceans
2 or 3-part body (head-thorax-abdomen)
2 pairs of antennae
Biramous
appendages
Up to 5 pairs of walking legsSlide51
Chelicerates
2-part body (cephalothorax and abdomen)
6 pairs of appendages
1
st
pair often modified into fangs
2
nd
pair modified to sense or grab (claws)
4 pairs of walking legsNo antennaeSlide52
Black
Widow
m
ore aggressive
neurotoxin
Brown
Recluse
less aggressive
necrotoxinSlide53
Insects
3 body segments
3 pairs of walking legs
Up to 2 pairs of wings
1 pair of antennaeSlide54Slide55
Incomplete metamorphosis
Grasshoppers
D
ragonflies
M
ayflies
No larva is formed.
Complete metamorphosis
Butterflies
Bees/wasps/ants
Caddisflies
MosquitoesSlide56
A Butterfly comes from a
chrysalis
—thin, membranous.
Moths usually come from fluffy cottony
cocoon
s. Slide57
Phylum Chordata
Tunicates
Lancelets
VertebratesSlide58
All chordates have (for at least part of the life cycle)…
Notochord (stiff rod of cartilage)
spine
Hollow dorsal nerve cord spinal cordPharyngeal slits gills
Post-anal tail
EndostyleSlide59
Tunicates -- “sea squirts”
Adults are sessile filter feeders
Larvae have typical chordate features
Lancelets -- “sea squirts”
Adults are burrowing filter feeders that show primitive chordate featuresSlide60
Subphylum Vertebrata
Built along the basic chordate body plan
Defining characteristic is the
vertebral column Notochord segmentation + stiffness
Gills appear in all, lost in advanced forms
Highly developed
dorsal
nervous system
Invertebrates have
ventral
nervous systemSlide61
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class
Agnatha
– “jawless fishes”Class Chondrichthyes – “cartilaginous fishes”Class Osteichthyes – “bony fishes”
Class Amphibia – amphibians
Class
Reptilia – reptilesClass Aves – birds
Class Mammalia – mammalsSlide62
Jawless Fishes
lamprey
hagfish
No paired appendages
Sharp teeth in open mouth
Exclusively aquatic
Covered in copious amounts of slimeSlide63
Cartilaginous Fishes
Jawed
Cartilage skeletons (no ribs)
Paired fins
Skin with “teeth”
Unprotected gills
Upper movable jaw
Several rows of teeth
Internal fertilization (oviparity or
ovoviviparity
)
sharksskates and rays
chimaerasSlide64
Bony
Fishes
Bone skeletons (no ribs)
Skin with scales
Swim bladders
Gills protected
External fertilization
(
ovuliparity
)Slide65
Amphibians
Metamorphosis from aquatic larva with gills to terrestrial tetrapod with lungs
Require water for external fertilization (
ovuliparity
)
Evolved from lobe-finned fish
Separate pulmonary and systemic circulation
s
alamanders and newts
c
aecilians
-legless
frogs and toadssirens -external gillsSlide66
Pulmonary refers to the lungs.
Amphibians (as well as other vertebrates) have a separate circulatory circuit to the lungs. Slide67
Reptiles
No aquatic larval stage, only
tetrapodal
adult
Dry, watertight skin
Internal fertilization (oviparity or
ovoviviparity
)
Amniotic
egg allows reproduction on land
crocodilians
l
izards and snakestuataraturtles, terrapins and tortoisesSlide68Slide69
Birds
Endothermic
Feathers
Upper limbs modified into wings
Toothless beak
Amniotic egg with hard, oblong shell
Internal fertilization (oviparity)
Hollow bones
Evolved from reptiles
Heart chambers complete separate oxygenated-deoxygenated bloodSlide70Slide71Slide72
In fish & amphibians –
kidneys are adapted to rid excess water
In reptiles &
birds –
adapted to conserve as much water as possible
In
mammals –
kidneys are adapted to maintain water
balanceSlide73
Mammals
Hair
Mammary glands
Middle ear bones
Internal fertilization (oviparity or
viviparity
)
Evolved from reptiles
Marsupials
-Born undeveloped
-Further development occurs in pouch
-Kangaroo, opossum, koalaMonotremes-Lay eggs-No nipples-Echidna and platypusPlacentals-Born fully developed-Young attached within via placenta to receive nutrients