Learning Targets: I can compare the basic function and structure of different types of - PowerPoint Presentation

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Learning Targets:I can compare the basic function and structure of different types of cells (plant, animal, fungal, and bacteria) GLE 4I can compare functions of plant and animal cell structures (organelles) GLE 4

“Cells, cells, they’re made of organelles..try to pull a fast one, the cytoplasm gels”

youtube Cell Rap

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The Cell

Cells were discovered in

1663

by Robert

Hooke (published in 1665

Micrographia

)

Early studies of cells were conducted by

- Mathias

Schleiden

- plant cells (1838)

- Theodor Schwann- animal cells (1839)

- Rudolf Virchow- All cells come from other cells. (1855)

Schleiden

and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.

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Principles of cell theory:

All living things are made of cells.

Cells

are the basic unit of structure and function of all life.

Cells come only from other living cells.

All cells today represent a continuous line of descent from the first living cells.

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Review of Cell Theory

Contributing scientists

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

: Invented the microscope and observed tiny living things in water

Robert Hooke

: Coined the term “cell” after observing that cork consisted of tiny chambers

Francesco

Redi

: Proved that living things cannot be produced from non-living matter

Louis Pasteur

: Discovered that cells come only from other living cells

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About Cells

Cell size is limited.

-As cell size increases, it takes longer for materials to

diffuse (moves from an area of higher concentration

to an area of lower concentration)

from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell

.

Surface area-to-volume ratio

: as a cell increases in size, the volume increases 10x faster than the surface area: What does that mean?

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Two Types of CellsProkaryotesFirst cells to evolveNo nucleusHereditary info is contained within cytoplasmEx: Archaea, Bacteria Eukaryotes Evolved from prokaryotes Have a membrane-bound nucleus Hereditary info is contained within the nucleus Ex: Animals, Protists, Fungi, Plants

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Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic No Nucleuscells possess -genetic material in the nucleoid -cytoplasm -plasma membrane -cell wall -ribosomes -no membrane-bound organellesFlagella-present in some prokaryotic cells-used for locomotion-rotary motion propels the cell

Prokaryotic cell walls-protect the cell and maintain cell shapeBacterial cell walls-may be composed of peptidoglycan Archaean cell walls lack peptidoglycan.

What are some examples of prokaryotic cells?

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Eukaryotic Cells

Eukarya -possess a membrane-bound nucleus -are more complex than prokaryotic cells -compartmentalize many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system -possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure

Nucleus

-stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes

-surrounded by a

nuclear envelope

composed of 2

phospholipid

bilayers

-in chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form

chromatin

t

he site of

protein synthesis

in the cell

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What do all cells have in common?

All cells have certain structures:1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus2. cytoplasm – a gel-like/water fluid3. plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer

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Which cell is prokaryotic?

Which is eukaryotic?

Animal Cell

Bacteria Cell

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PLANT CELLS

ANIMAL CELLS

BACTERIA CELLS

FUNGAL CELLS

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Diagram of a Plant Cell

Microbodies

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Diagram of an Animal Cell

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Bacteria Cells

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Three major phylum (groups) based on shapes:

SPHERE-SHAPED BACTERIA (COCCI)Sometimes grow in chain or in clumps like a bunch of grapes.ExamplesStreptococcus(Strep throat)

ROD-SHAPED BACTERIA (BACILLI)Form chains. Some types of these bacteria also have whip like structure called flagella to help them move around.ExamplesEscherichia coli(found in the intestines of mammals )

SPIRAL-SHAPED BACTERI (SPIRILLA)Can use their shape to propel themselves by twisting like a corkscrew.Examples:Borrelia burgdoferi(Lyme disease)

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Facts about Bacteria Cells

Some are harmful (1%) and most are beneficial (99%)

In large intestine, bacteria manufacture vitamin K, an essential blood clotting factor

Gives yogurt and sourdough bread its sour taste

Bacteria in animals (cows, sheep, goats) help to digest plant cellulose

Some plants, like soybean, peas, and alfalfa help to convert nitrogen to a more usable form for other plants to use

Chromosomes composed of a single closed DNA circle.

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Fungal Cells

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Fungi can be harmful or beneficial

Medicine made from fungi cure diseases.People eat mushrooms.Yeast are used in making bread, wine and solvents.Penicillin is a type of fungus.Fungus can cause athlete’s feet and ringworm

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Entering The Cell

CELL WALLA stiff wall that surrounds the cell membrane, giving the cell a rigid boxlike shape (made of a complex sugar, cellulose)Function: protection & supportThis structure is found in the plant, fungal, some protists, and bacteria cells.

CELL MEMBRANE

Forms the inside layer next to the cell wall

Semi-permeable porous barrier

Function: controls what comes in and out of the cell

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Cell WallOnly found surrounding plant, fungal and bacterial cellsMade of celluloseIs rigid, strong and stiffProvides support and protection for the cell

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Cell MembraneSurrounds all cellsIn a plant cell, it lies beneath the cell wallIn animal cells, it is the outer boundary (made of cholesterol/phospholipids)Provides cell with protectionControl of movement of materials in/out of cellMaintains condition of cell

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Cytoplasm/Cytosol/Cytoskeleton

A gel-like watery fluid found throughout the entire cell wherein the organelles are found.It is constantly moving so the cell does not need to propel itself.Enzymes dissolved in cytosol convert one molecule to anotherWater is key for chemical reactions take place

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NUCLEUS

Identified in 1833 by Robert Brownsurrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayersNucleolus- ribosomes are made-in chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin

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LYSOSOMESMOSTLY found in Animal Cells

Cell’s cleanup crewlarge membrane bound vesicles formed by the Golgi bodies; contain digestive enzymes that break down macromoleculesBreaks down old cell parts and releases the substances so they can be used again. Destroys cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis Greek for the process of devouring

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VACUOLES

Storage area of the cellStores water, salts, minerals, waste, or nutrientsFlowers- store pigments for coloringSome animal cells have them & others do not

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PEROXISOMES

Small membrane-bound organelles that contain over 50 enzymes, which break down amino acids and fatty acids

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CENTRIOLES

Only in animal cells- made of thin tubes called microtubules- during mitosis/meiosis they separate to the opposite sides and form spindle fibers

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MITOCHONDRIA

The “powerhouses” of the cellProduces and releases energy stored in foodGlucose and oxygen are changed into a useable form of energy called adenosine triphosphate or ATPContain their own DNA and are thought to represent bacteria-like organisms that evolved into eukaryotic cells over 700 million years ago

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Chloroplasts

Capture energy from the sunlight and use it to produce glucose for the cellContain thylakoids-contain light absorbing pigments-chlorophyll and carotenoidsFound only in the plant cellPhotosynthesis

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Comparison between Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

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Endomembrane System

-a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm

-divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur

1.

E

ndoplasmic

reticulum

2. Golgi apparatus or

bodies

3.

lysosomes

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Carry proteins (AKA ribosomes) and other materials from one part of the cell to anotherRough ER manufactures and packages secreted proteinsSmooth ER fat synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism takes place

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Endomembrane System

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

-membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm

-attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance

-synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane

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Endomembrane System

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

-relatively few ribosomes attached

-functions:

-synthesis of membrane lipids

-calcium storage

-detoxification of foreign substances

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RIBOSOMESthe site of protein synthesisnot membrane-bound organellesconsists of ribosomal RNA and 50 different proteinscan be attached to RER or can be found within the cell’s cytoplasm

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GOLGI Apparatus or Bodies

Discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898manufactures lysosomes receives proteins (large macromolecules) and other materials from the ER, packages them and distributes them to other parts of the cell. synthesis of cell wall componentslike FED Ex or UPS

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Let’s Review

The next 3 slides provides sketches and the functions for each organelle you are required to know and understand. Use these slides to

review with a partner… use your

Organelle Flipbooks.

.

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Vocabulary Words and definitions

Cell WallMade of cellulose (plant only)gases can still pass throughRigid structure, protects cell membranePLANT and BACTERIA cellsCell MembranePorousControls what goes in and out (water and oxygen + molecules of food)Acts like a screencytoplasmA gel-like fluid that protects organelles; fills the cellNucleusStrands of chromatin (genetic, DNA material)Inside is the NUCLEOLUS- manufactures ribosomes or proteinsmitochondriaThe powerhouse or structure where energy is produced and released from food

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chloroplastsPLANT structure where photosynthesis takes placePlants take in water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight and make glucose (its energy source)vacuolesWater-filled sacs, storage area (food, too)Plants have large vacuoles for water In plants, vacuoles act as lysosomes as welllysosomesANIMALS only- some plant exceptionsThe cell’s clean up crewBreaks down food particles and old cell partsLike a mini-digestive systemEndoplasmic reticulumMembrane passageways that carry proteins from the nucleolus to the Golgi Bodies

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ribosomesprotein synthesisperoxisomesbreaks down fatty acids and amino acidsGolgi BodiesFlattened sacs and tubes Like FEDEXReceives proteins from ER, packages, and distributes them to other partsBACTERIA CELLSA skin cell is 10x as large as a bacterium cell.NO nucleus, but genetic material is found inside the cytoplasmContain ribosomes as welleukaryotic vs. prokaryotic cellsEukaryotes- true nucleus; organisms that have nuclei (animals and plants)Prokaryotes- no nucleus; bacteria

Information for this slideshow came from various sources

Interactive Textbook

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCELL2.html

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/ribosome.html