ECOLOGY! *Ecology= the study of interactions among organisms and their environments. - PowerPoint Presentation

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ECOLOGY!

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*Ecology= the study of interactions among organisms and their environments.

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I. Biotic and

Abiotic Factors

A. Biotic Factors-- all living things that inhabit an environment 1. relationships with organisms of the same or different species. B. Abiotic

Factors: The nonliving environment 1. air, currents, temperature, moisture, soil, light etc. 2. Affect species survival and success in the environment.

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II. levels of organization

A. organism= an individual living thing

B. population= a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit a specific area and interbreed. C. community= a collection of populations of different species that interact D. ecosystem= made up of the interactions among the populations in a community and the community's physical/ abiotic surroundings.

E. Biosphere-- portion of the earth that supports life

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III. Organisms in Ecosystems

A. Habitat = where an organism lives

B. Niche-- the role and position a species has in its environment (includes all interactions of the species with biotic and abiotic components of its habitat)

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Habitat vs. Niche Exit Questions

Explain the concept of an ecological niche in your own words, giving an example of your choosing. (2 points)

Clearly explain how the habitat of a killer whale is different from the niche of a killer whale. (2 points)

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IV. Relationships between organisms

A. predator-prey relationship

B. Competition C. Symbiosis (living together)-- close and permanent association among organisms of different species

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*Three types of symbioses

1. parasitism-- one species benefits, the other is harmed (ticks, fleas, tapeworms etc.)

a. parasite b. host 2. mutualism -- both organisms benefit (acacia tree and ants) 3. commensalism-- one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed ex. Orchid epiphytes, geese and falcon (Red breasted geese nest near falcons where they are protected from predators)

Ant and Caterpillar symbiosis Video (2:42 min.)

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ant_caterpillarsymbiosis?source=relatedvideo

Sharks and symbiosis (Unlikely travel companions)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvAjKDyatr0

Malaria

:

http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-malaria-parasite.html

It is hard to say if this ad is authentic. Nevertheless, in the early

1900s,

“diet

treatment with “sanitized tapeworms” was widely advertised

.” according to this American Diabetes Association Paper

http://

care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/23/1/118.full.pdf

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFkdiCQxbyg

Symbiosis in the Sea (Jonathan Bird’s Blue World)

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Which Symbiosis is it?

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SECTION 2.2 Nutrition and Energy Flow

How organisms Obtain Energy

Trophic LevelsProducers (autotrophs)

Make their own food (organic matter) by photosynthesis

.examples? Consumers (heterotrophs)

Must eat organic matter (other organisms) to get

nutrition

.

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Types

of

consumersPrimary (1st order) consumers (herbivores)

Eat producersSecondary (2nd order) consumers

Eat primary consumersTertiary (3rd order) consumers

Eat secondary consumersEtc… Scavengers (eat dead stuff)

Omnivores (eats plants and animals)

Decomposers-- break down dead and decaying matter into simpler molecules they can eat.

http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/hew06.sci.life.reg.foodweb/

Coral reef video on Energy flow….

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II. Matter and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Food Chain

Shows what each organism eats in a line. Trophic level= a feeding stepStart with producer and end with top predator.Arrows point in direction of energy flow (to the eater…)

Diagram an example

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Food Web (more accurate) -- shows all possible feeding relationships

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Energy Pyramid= 90% of energy is lost (as heat) between

trophic

levels (only 10% is passed on to next level) Pyramid of Biomass= how much weight of living material at each trophic level

Pyramid of Numbers= how many organisms at each trophic level.

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Thought Questions

1. Draw a food chain with at least 3 organisms for any ecosystem you know about. Label each trophic level

2. For your food chain, draw an energy pyramid. Assume that there are 1,500,000 Calories at the producer level. Show how many Calories are available at each higher level on your diagram. 3. Food Web Activity: Choose 8 organisms and create a food web.4. Hypothesize what would occur if one or two organisms were removed from your food web.

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Some stats

One person in seven goes to bed hungry every day.

One-third of the world’s population is undernourished. There are 25,000 starvation-related deaths each day. Each night more than 300 million children go to bed hungry. Every day, over 12,000 children (one every 7 seconds) die from hunger-related causes. Approximately 146 million or 27 percent of children under age 5 in developing countries are underweight.

Nearly 17 percent of babies in developing countries are born with a low birth weight compared with only 7 percent of babies in industrialized countries.What would be the best way to eat, if you wanted to be able to feed the whole world?

Sources: www.one.org, www.bread.org, www.unicef.org, www.who.int, www.unep.org

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III. Cycles in Nature

Hopefully, you know these already. Review in the Biology book on pages 52-57: The Water Cycle

The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Your Task:

Summarize the main processes for each in your assignmentsMake a clear, labeled diagram of each cycle in your assignments!

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III. Cycles in Nature

Matter is constantly recycled on earth!

This is necessary for life!

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water

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Water Cycle

Evaporation

TranspirationCondensationPrecipitationRunoff

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Where do trees get their mass from?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KZb2_vcNTg

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carbon

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Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis

RespirationCarbon moves through food webCombustionFossilization and Fossil Fuels

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The Oxygen Cycle and Carbon Cycle are related

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Nitrogen Cycle

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Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Fixation

NitrificationAssimilationNitrogen moves through food webDecomposition and AmmonificationDenitrification

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Phosphorus cycle

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Phosphorus Cycle

Weathering from Rocks

Phosphate in soil and waterEnters plants (enters food chain)Phosphorus moves through food webDecompositionUplifting

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Think! Thought Questions

Why are nutrients recycled? (1 pt.)

What processes are involved in all of the cycles (besides the water cycle)? (1 point)Compare (give similarities) and Contrast (give differences) between the flow of matter and the flow of energy in ecosystems. (2 pts.)What important molecules require nitrogen? Phosphorus? Carbon? (2 pts.)

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Chapter 3 (Biology Book)

Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes

I. Communities (Ch. 3.1)A. The types of organisms that make up a community will depend on the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. 1. Adaptation= a trait that helps an organism survive in a certain environment

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3209/05.html frozen frogs

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B. Limiting factors—any biotic or abiotic factor that

restricts

the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms. (examples?) 1. Carrying Capacity– the number of organisms of a particular species that an environment can support.

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C.

Ranges of Tolerance

1. Tolerance = the ability of an organism to survive variations in the environment. 2. Species may be able to tolerate certain conditions but won’t be as healthy as they are in optimal conditions. (examples?)

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Exit Questions

Explain how limiting factors affect the carrying capacity of an ecosystem for an organism, giving one example. (2 pts.)

Explain how the adaptations of an organism influence the survival of that organism in its environment, giving one example. (2 pts.)Explain how tolerance of an organism for a specific abiotic variable influences the distribution (locations where it is found) of that organism, giving one example. (2 pts.)

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II. Succession: Changes over Time

A.

Succession= the orderly, natural changes and species replacements in a communityB. 2 Types of Succession1. Primary succession-- colonization of new sites that

have no life and no Soil. a. Pioneer species— the first species to colonize an area. (ex. Lichen) b. many changes in species composition c. Climax community—

a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species is called a climax community.

lichen

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2.

Secondary Succession —sequence of community changes that takes place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions.

* Same steps as for primary succession BUT… a. takes less time (soil already present) b. occurs in an area that previously contained life c. pioneer species are different

http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/assignment-discovery-shorts-succession.htm

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Succession Comic Strip

Create 2 comic strips (with explanations) showing the following:

1. Primary succession for a tropical island.2. Secondary succession for a tropical island.Be sure to clearly show and explain how they are different.

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3.2 Biomes!

I. Biome= a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community

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A. Terrestrial Biomes

1. The type of biome in an area is determined mostly by

abiotic factors such as:ClimatePrecipitationTemp. Etc.

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2. Major terrestrial biomes

Tundra

treeless permafrost low nutrient soil

slow decayAround poles.

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Taiga—northern coniferous forest

Dominated by coniferous trees

acidic/nutrient poor topsoil long harsh winters, short summers.

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Desert

Very low precipitation

Sparse vegetationPlants and animals adapted to low water conditions ex. kangaroo ratex. cacti

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Grassland

grasses dominate

experience a dry season, often fire.unpredictable precipitationfertile soil.

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Temperate deciduous forest—

broadleaf trees that lose leaves seasonally.

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Tropical rain forest

Highest biodiversity of terrestrial biomes.

Rains frequently/ high precipitation.Canopy prevents understory plant growth. soil is nutrient poor.

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ID These Biomes

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Planet Earth Video Assignment

As

the video shows each new biome, write which biome it is, and explain how you can tell

.

Describe one relationship between different species shown in

the video.

Describe the flow of energy for one biome.

Explain the effect of one limiting factor in the video.

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Ch. 4: Population Dynamics

Think: What factors cause

fluctuations in population size in an ecosystem? How and Why?Factors affecting population sizeBirth rate

Death RateImmigrationEmigration

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I. Population Growth

A. Exponential Growth (J-shaped curve)—as

pop.gets larger, it grows faster B. S-Shaped growth curve—When population reaches its carrying capacity, growth levels off C. Carrying capacity= the number of organisms of one species that an environment can support

Animation

A Grain of Rice Story

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Wolves Exit Questions

Read “The Wolves of Yellowstone”

Explain the importance of predators (such a wolves) to populations in an ecosystem using examples from the article to support your explanation. Describe the niche of wolves.Interesting video on the impact of wolveshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysa5OBhXz-Q

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Why is pop. Growth limited?

D. Limiting factors limit pop. Growth

E. Two types of limiting factors 1. Density-dependent factors– factors that affect the population differently depending on the population’s density.

Organism interactions (ex. Disease, competition, predation, crowding) 2. Density-independent factors -- affect the population regardless of its population size.

(ex. freezes, hurricane, floods, forest fires) Simulation activities!

1918 flu

Hurricane Katrina

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F. Reproductive patterns

1. r strategists

—rapid life historiesrapid reproductionThrive in unpredictable environments 2. k strategistsLarge

reproduce and mature slowlylong-livedoften care for young

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4.2 Human Population Growth

A. Demography—the study of human population growth characteristics

1. effects of birth/death rates 2. immigration and emigration 3. Age Structure

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In your assignments…

Explain why exponential growth CAN’T continue forever. Why does population growth level off?

Compare and contrast r and k strategists giving an example of each.Compare and contrast Density dependent factors with density independent factors, giving an example of each.

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Ch.5 Biodiversity and Conservation

Section 5.1

I. Biodiversity= variety of life in an area A. usually increases as you get closer to equator (warmer places—tropical rainforest, coral reefs) B. Larger areas= more biodiversity than smaller areas

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II. Importance of Biodiversity

ecological relationships between organismsImportance to people—medicines

Ex. Taxol-Pacific Yew), mold- penicillin, rosy periwinkle—drugs for Hodgkin’s disease (lymphatic cancer) and leukemia, Willow bark—aspirin, cinchona tree bark—quinine)FoodsMaterials and Resources

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III. Loss of Biodiversity

A. Extinction

B. Threatened species— population of the species is declining rapidly (Af. Eleph, loggerhead) C. Endangered Species—numbers of the species are so low that extinction is possible. (Black rhino, CA condors, manatees)

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IV. Threats to Biodiversity

A. habitat loss= biggest threat B. habitat fragmentation—separating wilderness areas from other wilderness areas C. Habitat Degradation

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C. Habitat degradation

Damage to habitat by pollution, etc.

See next slides for examples…

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Acid Precipitation

“Acid Rain”

Due to fossil fuel burningleaches nutrients from soilBurns plantsAcidifies lakes…

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Ozone layer (O

3) and CFC’s

The ozone layer protects us from UV radiation! CFC’s have depleted the ozone layer.

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Eutrophication

Excess nutrients/fertilizers

Causes algae bloomsCan cause water to be depleted of oxygen.

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Pesticides

Chemicals that kill Pest organisms like insects

Ex. (DDT)Effects are often far-reaching: Pelicans?island fox and eagles?

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Exotic/ invasive species

Non-native species

Often these species harm native species!How?PredationCompetitionEtc.Examples: brown tree snake, cane toad, fennel

Biological invaders:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/10/3/l_103_03.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI8IiLqIEV0

cane toads

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byHShIHgMw4

Jonathan Bird’s Blue World (Invasive species good)

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Biodiversity Exit Questions

Define biodiversity and explain why it is important. (2 points)

Explain several threats to biodiversity, giving examples. (8 points)

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end

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C. Habitat degradation—damage to habitat by pollution

1. Acid Precipitation (leaches nutrients from soil and burns leaves...)

2. Ozone layer (O3) and CFC’s 3. water pollution a. excess fertilizers—eutrophication

b. detergents, heavy metals, industrial chemicals, trash 4. Land pollution a. pesticides (DDT)island fox and eagles? Pelicans? b. landfills

5. Exotic species= non-native ex. Brown tree snake