Overview What is Schizophrenia Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosing Schizophrenia Treatment Options Treatment Guidelines Monitoring Schizophrenia Complications of Schizophrenia ID: 1047176
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1. Schizophrenia Topic Discussion By Alexandria Brown
2. OverviewWhat is Schizophrenia?EtiologyPathophysiologyClinical PresentationDiagnosing SchizophreniaTreatment OptionsTreatment GuidelinesMonitoring SchizophreniaComplications of Schizophrenia
3. What Is SCHITZOPHRENIA?Schizophrenia is a mental illness that is a spectrum of symptoms and traits. Defined by Abnormalities concerning at least 2 of the following1:Hallucinations1,3 Delusions1,3Disorganized Thought Processes or Speech1,3Disorganized or Abnormal Motor/Movement Behaviors1,3Negative Symptoms1,3
4. Schizophrenia is ComplicatedCommonly called a psychotic disorder that has multiple names and subcategories and spectrumsSpectrums1,2Schizotypal (personality) DisorderSchizoaffective DisorderSchizophreniform DisorderSubtypes of Delusion1,2,3Paranoid/PersecutorySomatic Erotomaniac/ JealousGrandiose MixedResidual
5. ETIOLOGY The etiology of schizophrenia is not fully understood currently Researchers have concluded that there are some significant Risk Factors:Genetic Component1,5Increased heritable risk for off-springsEnvironmental Component Season of Birth1,4Traumatic Events1,4Obstetrical Complications1,2,5,3
6. PathophysiologyTheorized but not fully knownTheories include:GABA4,5 Dopamine4,5Glutamate receptors reduced activity4,5
7. Clinical PresentationDepends on the type of Schizophrenia and the IndividualPresents itself as:Hearing Voices or Visual Hallucinations1,5 Delusions1,5Social Withdrawal1,5Anxiety, Depression, OCD1,5Lack of Awareness of Disease1,5Substance Abuse5Cognitive Symptoms5Disorganized speech5
8. DiagnosisOften times it can go undiagnosed which usually leads to negative consequences Diagnosed through mental health services usually through psychiatry Follow Guidelines using the DSM-51 Diagnoses subtype and deciphers between spectrums of schizophrenia1 Determines if meets at least 2 of the criteria of abnormalities1
9. https://dsm-psychiatryonline-org.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/doi/full/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm02
10. Treatment OptionsNon-Pharmacological5,6Psychotherapy Counseling Group SessionsBehavioral HealthSkills and Employment ServicesECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) Pharmacological5,6 Long-Acting Injectable Anti-Psychotic AgentsTreatment-Resistant SchizophreniaAntipsychotics Augmentation and Combination TherapyDepends on the Phase of Treatment6Acute Phase Stabilization Phase Stable Phase
11. Treatment GuidelineType of SchizophreniaPharmacological Treatment5,6,7Schizophrenia First Generation: PhenothiazinesChlorpromazine 300-1000 mg/dayFluphenazine 5-20 mg/dayMesoridazine 150-400 mg/dayPerphenazine 16-64 mg/day Thioridazine 300-800 mg/dayTrifluoperazine 15-50 mg/dayButyrophenoneHaloperidol 5-20 mg/dayOthersLoxapine 30-100 mg/dayMolindone 30-100 mg/dayThiothixene 15-50 mg/day Second GenerationAripiprazole 10-30 mg/dayClozapine 150-600 mg/dayOlanzapine 10-30 mg/dayQuetiapine 300-800 mg/dayRisperidone 2-8 mg/dayZiprasidone 120-200 mg/day Alternatives or for other Side EffectsBenzodiazepines Lorazepam Schizoaffective DisorderClozapine 150-600mg/dayRisperidone 2-8 mg/dayOlanzapine 10-30 mg/dayQuetiapine 300-800 mg/dayZiprasidone 120-200 mg/dayAripiprazole 10-30 mg/daySchizophreniform DisorderRisperidone 2-8 mg/dayOlanzapine 10-30 mg/dayQuetiapine 300-800 mg/dayZiprasidone 120-200 mg/dayAripiprazole 10-30 mg/dayLatuda
12. Monitoring SchizophreniaMonitor7:Lipid LevelsWeight GainMetabolismCardiovascular HealthSymptoms and Side Effects6,7Suicide1 Psychotic Episodes6,7
13. Complications induced from Schizophrenia Obesity1,3,4Drug Abuse1,3,4Smoking/ Tobacco Use1,3,4Anxiety Disorders1,3,4Diabetes1,3,4Metabolic Disorders1,3,4Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases1,3,4Decreased Life Expectancy1,3,4
14. Sources Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM Library. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm02Cagliostro D. 5 Schizophrenia Subtypes. PsyCom.net - Mental Health Treatment Resource Since 1986. https://www.psycom.net/schizophrenia-5-subtypes. Accessed November 30, 2018.The National Institute of Mental Health. Schizophrenia. NIMH. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml. Accessed November 30, 2018.Fischer B, Buchanan R. Schizophrenia in adults: Epidemiology and pathogenesis - UpToDate. UpToDate. https://www-uptodate-com.ezproxy.rosalindfranklin.edu/contents/schizophrenia-in-adults-epidemiology-and-pathogenesis?search=schizophrenia&source=search_result&selectedTitle=3~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=3#H31673369. Accessed November 30, 2018.Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: Overview and Treatment Options. P T. 2014;39(9):638-645.Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al. Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. 2010;(Second Edition):184.Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178/chapter/1-Recommendations#care-across-all-phases. Accessed December 7, 2018.