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1. Ch6.Thinking in ChineseA Journey into the Chinese MindAdapted from Jeffrey G. Brown【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出】The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”.授課老師：蘇以文I-wen Su
2. The Chinese character and the Chinese language are key to understanding the Chinese cultureThe unique organization of the Chinese language forms the psychological basis for thinking in ChineseThe organization of the Chinese characters is what guides the organization of the other entities as wellCooking, medicine, history and societyChinese language and writing system
3. Adolf Trendelenburg If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, the categories of Aristotelian logic would have been entirely differentAlfred BloomChinese lacking counterfactuals makes it impossible to express certain thoughtsTrendelenburg, Adolf. Geschichte der Kategorienlehre. Berlin: Bethge, 1846.Bloom, Alfred. The Linguistic Shaping of Thought: A Study in the Impact of Language on Thinking in China and the West. Hillsdale, NJ : L. Erlbaum, 1981.
4. Bloom observed that Chinese lacks syntactic, semantic or intonational cue that distinctly signals a shift to the counterfactual mode. (1) “If I had gone to the movies that evening, I could not have had dinner with my mom.” (2) Ruguo wo na tian wanshang If I that day evening qu kan- le dianying, wo jiu bu neng go watch movie, I then not able gen wo ma qu chi wanfan with my mom go eat dinner If that night I go watch (past particle) a movie, I then cannot accompany my mom to go eat dinner.Counterfactual exampleBloom, Alfred. (1984). Caution—The words you use may affect what you say: A response to Terry Kit-fong Au’s “Chinese and English counterfactuals: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis revisited”
5. Au (1984) argued more specifically that Bloom had misused two crucial Chinese adverbs of contingency that occur in counterfactuals—jiu (“then”) and cai (“then and only then”)—such that the counterfactual intention of Bloom’s assertions was not properly signaled.JIU 就 and CAI 才Au, T. K. (1984). Counterfactuals: In reply to Alfred Bloom.
6. Although overall comprehension accuracy of the Chinese speakers was equal to that of English speakers, they showed a specific difficulty with counterfactuals concerning non-transparent topic areas -- with counterfactual statements not readily identifiable by drawing from world knowledge. For these counterfactuals, English-speaking subjects could take advantage of the presence of a clear syntactic marker. However, Chinese-speaking participants had to match the sentence with contextual information to discover that it was counterfactual.Reasoning Counterfactually in Chinese (Yeh & Gentner 2005)Yeh, D. & Gentner, D. (2005). Reasoning Counterfactually in Chinese: Picking up the Pieces.
7. Chinese indicative characters represent the meaning directly. They are simple ideographs 上 下 凸 凹 末 本Shang4 Xia4 Tu1 Ao1 Mo4 Ben3Chinese characters represent the meaning directly?Up Down Protrusion Indention End RootNTU 王維新
8. The pictographic writing makes Chinese thinking more ‘concrete’ 日, 月, 雨, 龍The Chinese writing makes Chinese thinking more ‘concrete’?(Sun)(Moon)(Rain )(Dragon)(Elephant)日Oracle Bone Script Bronze Script Seal Script Regular Script(Traditional)月雨龍象
9. Chinese characters, with their breadth of meaning and overall ambiguity, make Chinese naturally suited for writing poetry.Ex: The art of Chinese poetry by James J. Y. LiuSpeaking of disyllabic compounds, Liu gives an example xiansheng (“sir, gentleman, teacher), with the standard explanation that the combination of xian (“first) and sheng (“to be born”) produces the sense of “first born” hence “senior to be respected”Chinese characters make Chinese naturally suited for writing poetry?James J. Y. Liu. (1962). The art of Chinese poetry.
10. 象形、指事是「造字法」象形: iconic, 日月指事: 字形、結構看起來認得，但須經過考察才能知道它所體現的字義，non-iconic上下會意、形聲是「組字法」會意:由兩個或多個字合併組成表達意, 武信形聲:按照事物的性質和叫法，挑選可相比譬的聲符和義符組成文字，江河轉注、假借是「用字法」轉注: 「形轉」，「義轉」，「音轉」/考老假借:找一個同音字表示無書面文字之口語, 「自」本來是「鼻」的象形字，後來借作「自己」的「自」六書
11. Context-dependent for part of speech distinction: zero derivationEnglish looks for the difference between things?Chinese looks for the connection?e.g. 中醫
12. 5000 to read a Chinese newspaperThe “3,000 characters to read a newspaper” is a myth.A lot of Chinese “words” are compounds. You might know that the character 東 means "east" and 西 means "west", and you'd know how to pronounce the two of them together, but you wouldn't know that 東西 means "thing" unless you learned that separately. Within those first 3,000 characters, there are a vast number of compounds that you won't know if you just learn the characters singly.How many characters?
13. 目 and 虎甲骨文 Jiagu-wen or oracle bone inscriptions (1650-1027BC, Shang) 4000-5000 Wiki user Kowloonese
14. 說文解字 (Shuo1wen2 Jie3zi4) (Explanation of Graphs, late Han) 9353
15. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/K%27ang_Hsi_Dict.png康熙字典 (Kangxi Dictionary, Qing) ：47035Wiki WikiCantonaWiki zh:User:Mosesofmason
16. Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字: 9353Yu-Pian dictionary (AD 543, Tang): 16917Guang-Yun dictionary (AD 1011, Song): 26195Zui-Hui Dictionary (AD1375, Ming): 33179Kangxi Dictionary 康熙字典 (Qing): 47035The Number of Chinese Characters
17. 台灣《中文大字典》：49905中國《漢語大字典》：54678中國《中華字海》 ：85568台灣《辭海》： 22,000,000台灣《大辭海》：50,000,000The number of Chinese Characters
18. non-inflectional汽車 (qi4che1)馬車 (ma3che1)火車 (huo3che1)自行車 (zi4xing2che1)手推車 (shou3tui1che1)Different types of vehicles are variations of che 車 in ChineseChinese is an isolated language
19. 汽車 (qi4che1)馬車 (ma3che1)火車 (huo3che1)車 (Che1: vehicle)Flickr Easa Shamih (eEko) | P.h.o.t.o.g.r.a.p.h.yGeograph Britain and Ireland: R leeFlickr Happy Sleepy
20. 自行車 (zi4xing2che1)手推車 (shou3tui1che1)車 (Che1: vehicle)Flickr Richard Masoner / CycleliciousSoil-Net
21. 鯊魚 (sha1yu2)鯨魚 (jing1yu2)章魚 (zhang1yu2)魷魚 (you2yu2)魚 (Yu2: fish)Flickr WIlly VolkFlickr Jess*LoFlickr kqedquestFlickr pingnews.com
22. 甲魚 (jia3yu2)鱷魚 (e4yu2)鮑魚 (bao4yu2)木魚 (mu4yu2)魚 (Yu2: fish)Flickr Fayes4ArtFlickr EOL Turtle CuratorFlickr Vincent MaFlickr Formosa Wandering
23. Non-inflectionalTense via adverbialsTense in Chinese
24. Poetry, painting, literature Cooking: stir-fry: combination of ingredientsFlavor, aroma, texture, shapeExamples?Meal served in ‘family’ style# of dishes vs. # of people eatingOne instrument with different applicationsCleaver for cutting and crushingWok for boiling and stir-fryingThe notion of Combination
25. Zhishengji 直升機 ‘helicopter’Gecao-ji 割草機 ‘lawn mower’Duka-ji 讀卡機 ‘card reader’Shouyin-ji 收銀機 ‘cash register’Ji1qi4 機器 ‘machine’Art of combination
26. Subordinative compounds: zhi2sheng1-ji1Antonym compound: da4xiao3 ‘size’Synonym compounds: qing1chu3 ‘clear’Subject-predicate: 兵變 bing1bian4 Verb-object: 保險 bao3xian3 ‘insurance’Prefixes and suffixes: 貴姓 gui4 xing4 “your name” 作者 zuo4zhe3 “author”Reduplication:謝謝 xie4xie4 A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (Y.R. Chao 1968)Word-formationChao , Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese
27. Subortinative >> hierarchicalWest: ‘unique’ and ‘different’China: The role of FamilyPeople play prescribed roles passed down from generation to generationSolidarity and powergenerationhierarchical
28. Junjun chenchen fufu zizi 君君臣臣父父子子The ruler be a ruler, the father be a father and the son be a sonFamily as the focusHighly organized system of kinship relationsFive cardinal relationships: Wu-lun 五倫Li3 禮 ‘propriety; good manners’act in a manner suitable to one’s social position, a complex code of etiquette and ceremonyCentral concept of Confucius philosophyCollective: key to social harmony
29. The meaning of the combination is greater than the meaning of the partsChinese characters change their meaning depending on the combination???Hierarchical structure of the Chinese characters
30. Unique organization of Chinese medical thought Theory 1 yin 陰 & yang 陽 dark light cold hot wet dryConsuming-increasingMutual transformingCorrelative thinking: Yin-yang
31. The Theory of Yin-Yang陽 Yang陰 YinLight, hot, active, increaseDark, cold, passive, decreasehttp://taoism.about.com/od/visualsymbols/ig/Taoist-Symbols/Yin-Yang-Symbol.--jj.htm
32. Theory 2 – Theory of Five Basic ElementsNetwork describing the inter-relationship among various qualities of the universeOver-arching categories of natureFive colorsGreen to wood, red to fire, yellow to earth, white to metal and black to waterFive flavorsWood generates fire, fire>earth, earth>metal, metal>water, water>woodCorrelative Thinking: Theory of Five Basic Elements
33. The Theory of Five Elements木水火金土WaterWoodFireEarthMetalSour, Green, Liver,Gallbladder, Xia DynastyBitter, Red, Heart,Small Intestine,Zhou DynastySweet, Yellow, Spleen,Stomach, Pre-DynastyPungent/Acrid, White, Lung,Large Intestine, Shang DynastySalty, Black,Kidney, Bladder,Qin DynastyMutualSubjugationMutualGenerationNTU 蘇以文
34. QiQi, translated as “Energy” or “Life Force,” is a central concept in Chinese medicine. NTU 謝承諭
35. The bodily essence whose proper transformation is required for good healthDisease seen as a deficiency or excess in the normal balance of QiQi4gong1 氣功 – a physical activity to manipulqte the flow and function of QiQi4 氣
36. organsWu3-Zang4 五臟 ‘five storage facilities’Heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidneyManufacture and store the bodily essence: qi, blood, and bodily fluidliu4-fu3 六腑 ‘six grain collection centers’Gall bladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, urinary bladder, triple burnerDigest food, absorb nutrients, and transmit waste
37. Western thinking: breaking things down into their fundamental components, and then develop principles or ‘rules’ that describe how the components interactPhysics, chemistry, biologyChinese thinkingTrying to incorporate everything into a single, unified wholeChinese holistic thinking
38. Limited monosyllables in Chinese Approximate 400 syllables400 x4= 1600Only 1200 are usedClear demarcation from one syllable to the next: sounds not blended togetherSound and symbol
39. The Syllables ofMandarin ChineseThe number of syllables inMandarin Chineseis large, however , it is not unlimited.papopaipeipaopoupapenpangpengpipiepiaopianpinpingpubabobaibeibaobanbenbangbengbibiebiaobianbinbingbumamomemaimeimaomoumanmenmangmengmimiemiaomiumianminmingmuchichachaichaochouchanchenchangchengchuchuachuochuaichuichanchunchuangchongdadedaideidaodoudandangdengdidiediaodiudiandingduduoduiduandundongtatetaitaotoutantangtengtitietiaotiantingtutuotuituantuntongjijiajiejiaojiujianjinjiangjingjujuejuanjunjionggagegaigeigaogougangenganggengguguaguoguaiguiguangunguanggongkakekaikaokoukankenkangkengkukuakuokuaikuikuankunkuangkonghahehaiheihaohouhanhenhanghenghuhuahuohuaihuihuanhunhuanghonglalolelaileilaoloulanlanglenglilialieliaoliulianlinlianglingluluoluanlunlongloloeloanlonfafofeifoufanfenfangfengfunanenaineinaonounannennangnengninieniaoniunianninniangningnunuonuannongnonuezhizhazhezhaizheizhaozhouzhanzhenzhangzhengzhuzhuazhuozhuaizhuizhuanzhunzhuangzhongqiqiaqieqiaoqiuqianqinqiangqingququequanqunqiongyiyayoyeyaiyaoyouyanyinyangyingyuyueyuanyunyongxixiaxiexiaoxiuxianxinxiangxingxuxuexuanxunxiongzizazezaizeizaozouzanzenzangzengzuzuozuizuanzunzongcicacecaicaocoucancencangcengcucuocuicuancuncongrireraorouranrenrangrengruruoruiruanrunrongsasesaiseisaosousansensangsengsusuosuisuansunsongawoeaieiaoouanenangengershishasheshaisheishaoshoushanshenshangshengshushuashuoshuaishuishuanshunshuangwuwawowaiweiwanwenwangweng
40. Many homophones同音字 -根據《國語日報辭典》所列，與「力〔Li〕」同音的字/詞多達51個。
41. Qing1 清 ‘clear’Chu3 楚 ‘clear’Qing1chu3 清楚 ‘clear’Hu3 虎 ‘tiger’Lao3 老 ‘old’Laohu 老虎 ‘tiger’Monosyllable to disyllabic
42. The Chinese character represents the whole syllable – it cannot be divided furtherChinese language does not inflect – cannot be broken down furtherChinese syllable is a fixed and irreducible unitWhy not *puan?
43. Syllables play different roles within the combinationDepending on their relation to other syllables, syllables change in meaningSimilar to the concept of QI that changes in function with its varying roles in the human bodyLanguage and thought are not independent
44. Mandarin speakers tended to think about time vertically even when they were thinking for English: faster to confirm that March comes earlier than April if shown a vertical array of objectsThe extent to the above tendency is related to how old they were when they first began to learn English. When taught to do otherwise, English speakers showed the same bias to think about time vertically as was observed with Mandarin speakers. English and Mandarin talk about time differently
45. 前天 (qian2tian1)前不見古人,後不見來者 (qian2 bu4 jian4 gu3ren2, hou4 bu4 jian4 lai2zhe3)上週 (shang4zhou1)去年 (qu4nian2)來年 (lai2nian2)Language shapes one’s thought
46. (1) language is a powerful tool in shaping thought about abstract domains(2) one’s native language plays an important role in shaping habitual thought (e.g., how one tends to think about time) but does not entirely determine one’s thinkingLanguage shapes one’s thought
47. Linguistic determinism (strong version): one’s thought determined by the categories made available in their languageLinguistic relativity (weaker version): differences among the languages cause differences in the thoughts of their speakersSapir-Whorf Hypothesis
48. We are no nearer to understanding the types of logical thinking which are reflected in truly Eastern forms of scientific thought or analysis of nature. This requires linguistic research into the logics of native languages, and realization that they have equal scientific validity with our own thinking habits. -- John Bissell Carroll“Scientific approach” – Western in natureJohn Bissell Carroll. (1972). Introduction from Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf.
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58. Copyright DeclarationWorkLicensingAuthor/Sourcep.3Trendelenburg, Adolf. (1846). Geschichte der Kategorienlehre. Berlin: Bethge. and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCWp.4Bloom, Alfred. (1981). The Linguistic Shaping of Thought: A Study in the Impact of Language on Thinking in China and the West. Hillsdale, NJ : L. Erlbaum.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCWp.5Bloom, Alfred. (1984). Caution—The words you use may affect what you say: A response to Terry Kit-fong Au’s “Chinese and English counterfactuals: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis revisited”, Cognition, 17, 275-287.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
59. Copyright DeclarationWorkLicensingAuthor/Sourcep.5Au, T. K. (1984). Counterfactuals: In reply to Alfred Bloom. Cognition, 17, 289-302. and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCWp.6Yeh, D. & Gentner, D. (2005). Reasoning Counterfactually in Chinese: Picking up the Pieces. Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annunal Meeting of the Congnitive Science Society, 2410-2415.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCWp.9James J. Y. Liu. (1962). The art of Chinese poetry. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW
60. Copyright DeclarationWorkLicensingAuthor/Sourcep.26Chao , Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, Univ. California Press, Berkeley.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCWp.48John Bissell Carroll. (1972). Introduction from Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. The M.I.T Press.and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW