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Why This Matters

Understanding the anatomy of the skeleton enables you to anticipate problems such as pelvic dimensions that may affect labor and delivery

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Slide4

The Skeleton

The skeletal system, or skeleton, is composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligamentsMostly boneCartilage occurs in isolated areasLigaments connect bones and reinforce jointsThe skeleton accounts for 20% of body massTwo major divisionsAxial skeletonAppendicular skeleton

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Part 1: The Axial Skeleton

Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones divided into three major regions:SkullVertebral columnThoracic cageAxial skeleton has three functions:Form longitudinal axis of bodySupport head, neck, and trunkProtect brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs

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Figure

7.1a The human skeleton.

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Cranium

Facial bones

Clavicle

Scapula

Sternum

Rib

Humerus

Vertebra

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Skull

Thoracic cage

(ribs, sternum

and thoracic

vertebrae)

Vertebral

column

Sacrum

Anterior view

Slide7

Figure

7.1b The human skeleton.

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Cranium

Clavicle

Scapula

Rib

Humerus

Vertebra

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Femur

Tibia

Lower

limb

Bones of

pelvic girdle

Upper

limb

Bones of

pectoral

girdle

Posterior view

Fibula

Slide8

7.1 The Skull

Skull is most complex bony structure in bodyFormed by two sets of bones:Cranial bones (cranium) Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

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7.1 The Skull

Facial bonesForm framework of faceContain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smellProvide openings for air and food passageSecure teethAnchor facial muscles used for facial expressionMost skull bones are flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible)Joints are called suturesHave a serrated, saw-tooth appearance

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Figure

7.2a The skull.

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Bones of cranium

Coronal

suture

Squamous

suture

Facial

bones

Lambdoid

suture

Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Slide11

Overview of Skull Geography

Facial bones form anterior aspect, with cranium forming the rest of skullCranium is divided into a vault and a baseCranial vault (calvaria) forms superior, lateral, and posterior portion of skull, as well as foreheadCranial base forms inferior aspect of skullInternally base is divided into three “steps,” or fossae: anterior, middle, posterior fossaeBrain sits within these fossae, enclosed by cranium vaultArea referred to as cranial cavity

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Figure

7.2b The skull.

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Anterior cranial

fossa

Middle cranial

fossa

Posterior cranial

fossa

Superior view of the cranial fossae

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Figure

7.2c The skull.

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Frontal lobe

of cerebrum

Temporal lobeof cerebrum

Cerebellum

Posterior

Middle

Anterior

Cranialfossae

Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the

contained brain regions

Slide14

Overview of Skull Geography (cont.)

Cranium also contains other cavities:Middle and internal ear cavitiesNasal cavityOrbits that house eyeballsSkull has 85 named openingsForamina, canals, fissuresProvide passageways for spinal cord, major blood vessels, and the 12 cranial nerves

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Slide15

Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section.

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Frontal

bone

Zygomatic

bone

Ethmoid

bone

Inferior nasal

concha

Maxilla

Vomer

Mandible

Oral

cavity

Orbit

Orbit

Cranial cavity

Frontal

sinus

Ethmoidal

air cells

Maxillary

sinus

Nasal

cavity

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Cranium

Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones:Frontal boneParietal bones (two—left and right)Occipital boneTemporal bones (two—left and right)Sphenoid boneEthmoid bone

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Cranium (cont.)

Frontal bone: shell-shaped bone forms anterior portion of craniumVertical part, called squamous region, is also known as the foreheadInferior portion ends at supraorbital margins Area underneath eyebrowsForms superior wall of the orbits and most of anterior cranial fossaSupraorbital foramen (notch) allows supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to foreheadGlabella is area of frontal bone between orbitsFrontal sinuses located just lateral to glabella

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Figure

7.4a

Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

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Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Temporal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic

bone

Maxilla

Infraorbital

foramen

Mandible

Anterior view

Frontal bone

Glabella

Frontonasal

suture

Supraorbital foramen (notch)

Supraorbital margin

Superior orbital fissure

Inferior orbital fissure

Middle nasal concha

Inferior nasal concha

Vomer

Optic canal

Perpendicular plate

Ethmoid

bone

Mandibular

symphysis

Mental

foramen

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Squamous part

of frontal bone

Slide19

Figure

7.7a

The base of the cranial cavity.

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Cribriform foramina

Lesser wing

Sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Occipital bone

Superior view of the skull,

calvaria

removed

Greater wing

View

Crista

galli

Optic canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen

spinosum

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen

lacerum

Internal acoustic meatus

Hypophyseal

fossa

of

sella

turcica

Middle cranial

fossa

Temporal bone

(petrous part)

Posterior

cranial fossa

Frontal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Parietal bone

Foramen magnum

Cribriform plate

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Figure

7.7b

The base of the cranial cavity.

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View

Frontal bone

Cribriform foramina

Lesser wing

Sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Photo of superior view of the skull,

calvaria

removed

Greater wing

Cribriform plate

Crista

galli

Optic canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen

ovale

Foramen spinosum

Jugular foramen

Foramen lacerum

Hypophyseal

fossa

of

sella

turcica

Middle cranial

fossa

Temporal bone

(petrous part)

Posterior

cranial fossa

Ethmoid

bone

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Cranium (cont.)

Parietal bones and the major suturesTwo large parietal bones form most of superior and lateral aspects of cranial vaultFour sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: Coronal suture: between parietal bones and frontal bone Sagittal suture: between right and left parietal bones Lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and occipital bone Squamous (squamosal) sutures: between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull

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Slide22

Figure

7.2a The skull.

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Bones of cranium

Coronal

suture

Squamous

suture

Facial

bones

Lambdoid

suture

Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Slide23

Figure

7.4b

Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

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Posterior view

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Occipital bone

Sutural

bone

Lambdoid

suture

Superior nuchal

line

External

occipital

protuberance

Occipitomastoid

suture

External

occipital crest

Occipital

condyle

Inferior

nuchal

line

Mastoid

process of

temporal

bone

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Figure

7.5a

Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

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Coronal suture

Lambdoid

suture

Occipital bone

Occipitomastoid

suture

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid

process

Zygomatic

process

Squamous suture

Condylar process

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

Mandibular angle

Coronoid process

Ethmoid

bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Alveolar processes

Mandible

Mental foramen

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

External anatomy of the right side

of the skull

Frontal bone

Zygomatic

bone

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

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Figure

7.5b

Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

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Condylar process

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Lambdoid

suture

Squamous suture

Occipital bone

Mastoid process

Styloid

process

Mandibular angle

Zygomatic

process

Temporal bone

Frontal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Mental foramen

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

Coronoid process

Photograph of right side of skull

Occipitomastoid

suture

External acoustic

meatus

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Alveolar

processes

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Figure

7.5c

Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

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Parietal bone

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Frontal sinus

Crista

galli

Nasal bone

Sphenoidal

sinus

Ethmoid

bone

(perpendicular plate)

Vomer

Maxilla

Incisive canal

Alveolar processes

Mandible

Palatine process of maxilla

Pterygoid

process of

sphenoid bone

Mandibular

foramen

Palatine bone

Occipitomastoid

suture

External occipital

protuberance

Internal acoustic

meatus

Sella

turcica

of sphenoid

bone

Squamous

suture

Lambdoid

suture

Temporal

bone

Occipital

bone

Greater

wing

Lesser

wing

Midsagittal

section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

Slide27

Figure

7.5d

Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

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Greater wing of

sphenoid bone

Lesser wing of

sphenoid bone

Frontal sinus

Crista

galli

Ethmoid

bone

(perpendicular plate)

Palatine bone

Petrous part

of temporal

bone

External occipital

protuberance

Internal acoustic

meatus

Sella

turcica

and

sphenoidal

sinus

Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (c)

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Cranium (cont.)

Occipital bone Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossaArticulates with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bonesForamen magnum: “large hole” through which brain connects with spinal cordFlanked by pair of occipital condyles that articulate with 1st vertebraHypoglossal canal allows cranial nerve XII to pass through

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Cranium (cont.)

External occipital protuberance: protrusion just superior to foramen magnumExternal occipital crest: ridges that are site of attachment for ligamentum nuchae Superior and inferior nuchal lines: site of attachment for many neck and back muscles

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Figure

7.4b

Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

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Posterior view

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Occipital bone

Sutural

bone

Lambdoid

suture

Superior nuchal

line

External

occipital

protuberance

Occipitomastoid

suture

External

occipital crest

Occipital

condyle

Inferior

nuchal

line

Mastoid

process of

temporal

bone

Slide31

Figure

7.6a

Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

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Incisive fossa

Median palatine suture

Intermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla

Foramen

ovale

Foramen lacerum

Carotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Occipital bone

Styloid

process

External occipital crest

Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid process

Parietal bone

Foramen spinosum

External occipital

protuberance

Zygomatic

bone

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Temporal bone

(petrous part)

Mandibular

fossa

Temporal bone

(

zygomatic

process)

Maxilla

(palatine process)

Palatine bone

(horizontal plate)

Hard

palate

Stylomastoid

foramen

Vomer

Basilar part of the

occipital bone

Slide32

Figure

7.6b

Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

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Hard palate

Zygomatic

arch

Foramen

lacerum

Carotid canal

Styloid process

Jugular foramen

Occipital condyle

Foramen magnum

Foramen

spinosum

Mandibular

fossa

Mastoid

process

Foramen

ovale

Superior nuchal

line

Photo of inferior view of the skull

Slide33

Cranium (cont.)

Temporal bones: paired bones that make up inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial baseThree major regions: Squamous: zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch and mandibular fossa makes up part of temporomandibular joint Tympanic: surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal)

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Slide34

Cranium (cont.)

Petrous: houses middle and internal ear cavities Makes up part of the middle cranial fossaSeveral foramina penetrate petrous region:Jugular foramen allows passage of three cranial nervesCarotid canal: passageway for internal carotid arteryForamen lacerum: jagged opening covered by cartilage in living humanInternal acoustic meatus and styloidmastoid foramen: cranial nerve passagewaysMastoid and styloid processes: areas for attachment of several neck and tongue muscles

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Slide35

Figure

7.5a

Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

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Coronal suture

Lambdoid

suture

Occipital bone

Occipitomastoid

suture

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid

process

Zygomatic

process

Squamous suture

Condylar process

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

Mandibular angle

Coronoid process

Ethmoid

bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Alveolar processes

Mandible

Mental foramen

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

External anatomy of the right side

of the skull

Frontal bone

Zygomatic

bone

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Slide36

Figure

7.5b

Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

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Condylar process

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Lambdoid

suture

Squamous suture

Occipital bone

Mastoid process

Styloid

process

Mandibular angle

Zygomatic

process

Temporal bone

Frontal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Lacrimal bone

Lacrimal fossa

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Mental foramen

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

Coronoid process

Photograph of right side of skull

Occipitomastoid

suture

External acoustic

meatus

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Alveolar

processes

Slide37

Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.

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Squamous

part

External acoustic

meatus

Petrous

part

Mastoid process

Styloid

process

Tympanic

part

Mandibular

fossa

Zygomatic

process

Slide38

Figure

7.6a

Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

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Incisive fossa

Median palatine suture

Intermaxillary suture

Infraorbital foramen

Maxilla

Foramen

ovale

Foramen lacerum

Carotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Jugular foramen

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Inferior nuchal line

Superior nuchal line

Occipital bone

Styloid

process

External occipital crest

Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

Mastoid process

Parietal bone

Foramen spinosum

External occipital

protuberance

Zygomatic

bone

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Temporal bone

(petrous part)

Mandibular

fossa

Temporal bone

(

zygomatic

process)

Maxilla

(palatine process)

Palatine bone

(horizontal plate)

Hard

palate

Stylomastoid

foramen

Vomer

Basilar part of the

occipital bone

Slide39

Figure

7.7a

The base of the cranial cavity.

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Cribriform foramina

Lesser wing

Sphenoid

Anterior cranial fossa

Occipital bone

Superior view of the skull,

calvaria

removed

Greater wing

View

Crista

galli

Optic canal

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen

spinosum

Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal canal

Foramen

lacerum

Internal acoustic meatus

Hypophyseal

fossa

of

sella

turcica

Middle cranial

fossa

Temporal bone

(petrous part)

Posterior

cranial fossa

Frontal bone

Ethmoid

bone

Parietal bone

Foramen magnum

Cribriform plate

Slide40

Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.1

Mastoid process contains cavities (sinuses) called mastoid air cellsMastoiditis can develop if a middle ear infection spreads into mastoid process areaMastoid air cells are separated from brain by a very thin bony plate, increasing chances that the infection could spread to brain

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Slide41

Cranium (cont.)

Sphenoid bone: complex, bat-shaped boneKeystone bone that articulates with all other cranial bonesSphenoidal sinuses found within body of sphenoidBody also includes sella turcica prominence that includes hypophyseal fossa area enclosing the pituitary gland

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