18 th Century A Time of Writing amp Revolution Introduction 16001800 People from England poured into North America Sought freedom from religious persecution Sought money made from lands ID: 582047
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Slide1
The Restoration & the 18th Century:
A Time of Writing & Revolution Slide2
Introduction1600-1800– People from England poured into North America Sought freedom from religious
persecutionSought money made from lands & forests (fur, tobacco, and logs)
African slave tradeSlide3
Revolutionary War 1775- Colonies rebel against England &
gain their independenceSlide4
Where Does the Term “Restoration”
Come from?
King James I diesIn
1649, King Charles I - After seeing his rights as king slashed by Parliament, Charles lashed out against Parliament. Puritans thought he was too CatholicLondon was scandalized and the king was forced to flee the city.The war between the Roundheads (supporters of parliament) and the Cavaliers (supporters of the King) began.Charles I was executed, Slide5
Oliver Cromwell His
son Charles II was exiled (19 years old at the time)From 1649-1660 England was ruled by the Lord High Protector,
Oliver Cromwell and Parliament.
Established Commonwealth of England DiesSlide6
Bloodless RebellionCharles II (son of Charles I) is restored as monarch – RESTORATION
James tried to force people to follow his Roman Catholic faith
. He was very unpopular
because of his persecution of the Protestants, and he was hated by the people. Had 12 bastard children by 7 mistressesKnown for hedonistic waysBrought the theaters backDies Slide7
King James IICharles II’s brother
Last Catholic monarchProtestant son-in-law and nephew William of Orange (Dutch) invaded England and took over the crown with his Protestant wife MaryCalled the GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONMary was the daughter of James II (Known as William and Mary)Slide8
The Pretender and JacobitesJames II abdicated and moved to France to live out the rest of his life as a Pretender at court with his cousin King Louis XIV
Died in exileHis followers who wanted a Catholic king back on the throne were called Jacobites
Theses followers as wells as the followers of his son and grandson led many unsuccessful rebellionsSlide9
England is ExhaustedExhausted from 20 years of civil warThe
Bubonic Plague (31,000 people died at its peak)1666-Fire that left 2/3 of Londoners homelessSlide10
However…British military forces establish new settlements around the globeMiddle class grew
Brilliant works of philosophy, art, & literatureSlide11
Several Names for This Time PeriodAugustan AgeNeoclassical Age
EnlightenmentAge of ReasonSlide12
Augustan & Neoclassical Age:Comparisons with Rome
Comparison with RomeOctavian’s rule (63 B.C. to A.D. 14) –He restored peace and order after Julius Caesar’s assassinationStuart monarchs in England do the same thing after civil wars led up to the execution of King Charles ISlide13
Augustan & Neoclassical Age:Comparisons with Rome
Roman Senate hailed Augustus – 2nd founder of RomeEnglish people brought back son of Charles I from exile in France-crowned him King Charles II – their “new savior”
Even dug up Oliver Cromwell’s corpse to execute him for treason against the crown. Hung him in chains, cut off his head, and put it on a spikeSlide14
Augustan & Neoclassical Age:Comparisons with Rome
English writers modeled their works on old Latin classicsThe imitated Latin works – hence the name “Neoclassical” or “new classic”Slide15
Reason & Enlightenment:Asking How?
In the old days, changes in nature and the heavens were seen as punishment for bad behavior (superstitions)Enlightenment – They asked “Why?” things happenExample: Edmond Halley calculated when his comet would reappear (every 76 years)Slide16
Birth of Modern English ProseJohn Dryden – founder & “First True Master”“Age of Dryden” 1631-1700
Perfected the technique of English poetry, regularizing meter, & making diction preciseSlide17
Changes in ReligionDeism: Universe was like a giant clock set into motion by the “Creator”/ God who withdrew from the mechanism and let it run by itself
Voltaire – French writer who makes fun of this in his work
CandideSlide18
Religion & Politics: Repression of Minority Sects
Religion determined people’s politicsCharles II reestablished the Anglican ChurchIt became the official Church of England and still is todayCharles II attempted to outlaw Puritan and independent sects – persecutions- pilgrims come to the AmericasSlide19
Addicted to the TheatreCharles repealed ban on theater performances
Female actors were allowedWitty comedies were producedPlay reflected the life of the rich-leisured people of the time – Frenchified, pleasure-loving upper classesSlide20
Age of SatireMost accomplished literary artists of the period
Alexander Pope – “Age of Pope”Addressed works to educated & leisure classes – attacked them for their immorality & bad tasteHe loved order, discipline, and craftsmanship
* Pope & Swift deplored corrupt politics, commercialism, materialism, & moral corruption.Slide21
JournalismDaniel Defoe – stood for middle class valuesThrift, prudence, industry, & respectability
Followed new profession of journalismReformer of public moralsSlide22
Public PoetryAugustan Poets – thought society served a public, not a private function Would decide what kind of poem they would write before they wrote itSlide23
Public PoetryMany popular kinds of poetry were inherited from classical forms.
Elegy: Poems written to mourn the death of someone or something lost--
Satire: Ridicules human weakness, vice, or folly in order to bring about social reform
-- Ode: Expresses public emotion on a serious subject*Every poem had exact meter and rhyme.Slide24
First English Novels“Novel
” means “something new”Long fictional novels Defoe wrote Robinson CrusoeHarry Fielding wrote
Tom Jones
Women were among the most eager
readers.Slide25
Samuel Johnson“Age of Johnson”
His views were conservative and traditionalCriticized progressSlide26
End of the RestorationIndustrial Revolution begins to turn English cities into filthy, smoky slums. Writers return to folk themes and nature for inspiration
Thus, Romanticism is born.