Nitrogen, nitrous oxide and ammonia - PowerPoint Presentation

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Nitrogen, nitrous oxide and ammonia

Dr. Althea Rodriguez Arenajo

NITROGEN

Rutherford observed that when O

2

WAS

removed from the air, remained a gas

which do not support combustion and

respiration

Scheele showed that one gas in the atmosphere supports combustion and respiration and that the other did not

NITROGEN

Lavoisier named the gas

azote

from

the Greek meaning “

without life

”

Chaptal proposed the name nitrogen

from the Greek word

niter

which

means “

I produce

”

N

2

constitute 79% by volume of the atmosphere

Free nitrogen found in natural waters

NITROGEN

With hydrogen, it forms ammonia and in organic combination as protein, alkaloids, amino acids, etc.

N

2

is an integral part of animal and vegetable tissues and liquids

Present in soil where

it is

formed by the

action of nitrifying bacteria

A colorless, tasteless and odorless gas

NITROGEN

N

2

is an inert gas, it will neither burn nor

support combustion

NCl

3

is a compound that has a very pungent smell, powerful lachrymatory

properties

and is a most dangerous explosive

The flame of a burning wood held in an atmosphere of N

2

is extinguished

It is stored in a black-pink cylinder

NITROGEN

Cod liver oil, olive oil, castor oil are often packaged with a N

2

atmosphere to retard oxidation and rancidity or loss of vitamins during storage

The USP allows N

2

(also CO

2

) to replace air in parenterals, topical solutions, and injections without declaring its presence on the label

NITROGEN

Elementary N

2

is used principally in connection with nitrogen fixation

Liquid nitrogen is useful to obtain tempt

as low as -320

0

F and used to freeze

warts, angiomas, etc.

Used to freeze gums, waxes, rubber, resins, etc., so as to prevent their tenacious(sticky) property from interferring during grinding or powdering operations

NITROGEN

Thermometers used in elevated temperatures have a space filled with

N

2

gas to decrease the evapoartion of

the mercury and prevent its oxidation

Electric bulbs with N

2

are now in general use, thus giving longer life by reducing the volatilization of the filaments

NITROGEN

NITROUS OXIDE

Priestley made the first nitrous oxide by

the action of nitric acid on moist iron filings

Sir Humphry Davy have observed that the gas produced exhilirating effects when inhaled, hence the common name “

laughing gas

”

NITROGEN

It is colorless, odorless and tasteless

Three times soluble in alcohol than in water and dissolves in either fats or oil

Fats also dissolves large volume of nitrous oxide, in making modern aerosol whipped cream formulations

It is not flammable but supports combustion of many subs and oxygen

NITROGEN

At ordinary temperature, metals do not rust with N

2

O

The hemoglobin of the blood is unable to use it as a source of oxygen

It has no reaction with water

It is officially recognized as a general anaesthetic for use as inhalation and it is to be used as required

NITROGEN

As anesthetic, used with 20-25% O

2

as diluent, permanent neurological damage due to hypoxia can result even few minutes of administration

The optimum conc is 35% admixed

with air or oxygen (latter is preferred)

Condoned in the 2nd stage of labor, does not impair uterine contraction

AMM0NIA

Geber prepared NH

3

by distilling the hoofs and horns of animals and absorbing the gas in water, the sol’n

was called “

spirit of hartshorn

”

Priestley was the first to obtain pure

ammonia and called it “

alkaline air

”

It is a colorless gas with a strong pungent characteristic odor

AMMONIA

Liquid ammonia is a good solvent and ionizing medium

It is soluble in alcohol and ether

Ammonia water may be considered

as one containing NH

4

OH

At low tempt, it is stable but at red heat, by the action of electric spark, decomposes to hydrogen and nitrogen

AMMONIA

Basic subs tha reacts with acidic materials to form ammonium cmpds

A proton donor, reacts with soluitons

of pH greater than 7 (HCO

3

-

)

Ammonolysis is the process of

forming ammonia-basic salts

Ammonia’s identity is tested using Nessler’s reagent

AMMONIA

Nessler’s reagent is Alklaine Mercuric-

Potassium Iodide T.S. which is a solution of potassium iodide, mercury

bichloride, and potassium hydroxide

Uses of Ammonia:

a. As fertilizer

b. Starting point for the manufacture

of military explosives

AMMONIA

c. Making of soda ash, nitric acid, nylon, plastics, lacquers, resins, dyes,

refrigerants, rubber, sulfa drugs, and antimalarials

Liquid ammonia is used for refrigeration and for manufacture of artificial ice

Pharmaceutical applications are in the manufacture of antacid, counterirritants,

stimulant, salt, and soap formation

AMMONIA

Important compounds:

Strong ammonia solution (Strong ammonia water) NF

- this solution deteriorates rapidly in open containers due to loss of ammonia by evaporation

Caution:

Use care in handling strong ammonia solution because of the caustic nature of the solution and the

AMMONIA

irritating properties of its vapor. Cool the container well before opening, and cover the closure with a cloth or similar

material while opening

2. Diluted ammonia soluiton USP

- prepared by diluting 398 mL of Strong

Ammonia Soluiton with enough

Purified Water to make 1000 mL

AMMONIA

- this product is dispensed on demand for “

household ammonia

” and known as “

ammonia water

”

- recognized officially as pharmacuetical aid for the preparation of

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia

3. Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Soluiton (Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate; Howe)