Level 1Identify parts of speech Level 2Identify parts of sentence Level 3Identify phrases Level 4Identify clauses Phrases A group of words without a subjectamppredicate that acts like a single part of speech ID: 759602
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Slide1
Intro to Level 3 and 4 Sentence Analysis
Level 1=Identify parts of speech
Level 2=Identify parts of sentence
Level 3=Identify phrases
Level 4=Identify clauses
Slide2Phrases
A group of words without a subject-&-predicate that acts like a single part of speech.
Slide3Appositive Phrase
An interrupting definition.
Re-defines or explains a noun while acting as an adjective.
It is put (pos) beside (
ap
) the noun.
Slide4Appositive Phrase
Appositive are
NONessential
phrases, set off with commas:
A
jerkline
skinner
, Slim is admired by all for his skill with large teams of horses.
Lennie
,
a large man
, has the mind of a child.
George, a caring friend, warns
Lennie
to stay away from dangerous people on the farm.
Slide5Appositive Phrase
Lennie
and George dream of owning their own place,
a farm
.
Curley,
the boss’s son
,
picks a fight with
Lennie
.
Slide6Prepositional Phrase
Begins with a preposition and concludes with its
object(always
a noun/pronoun.)
He ran
down the road
.
They slept
by the river
.
Slide7“pp”s show TIME, SPACE, or DIRECTION!
A “pp” always modifies in a way that shows:
time (adverbial phrase answering the question “when?”)
space (adverbial or adjectival, answering the question “where?” or “which one?”)
direction (adverbial or adjectival, answering the question “where?/ how?” or “which one?”)
Slide8Prepositional Phrase
What else should I know about “
pp”s
?
*Review the list of prepositions to help identify prepositional phrases.
*If the “pp” modifies a noun, make sure to place it
next to that noun
or you will have a misplaced modifier= CONFUSED MEANING!
Slide9Prepositional Phrase
I read the note in the boat
from Adam
.
(MISPLACED “pp” = CONFUSED MEANING!)
It sounds like Adam gave you the boat, when actually …
I read the note
from Adam
in the boat.
(Correct word order = CORRECT MEANING)
Slide10Prepositional Phrase
If the object of the preposition is a pronoun, it must take the object form.
The letter
is for him and me
.
She and I went
with you and him
.
Slide11Verbals
A verb form used as a different part of speech
1. Gerund
phrases (verb +
ing
used as noun)
2. Participial
phrases (verb+-
ing
, -en, -
t
, or -
ed
used as
adj
.)
3. Infinitive
phrases (“to + verb” used as noun or
modifier:adj
or adverb)
Slide12Gerund phrases
A verb +
ing
that ALWAYS acts as a noun:
Running around the school
is fun.
The thing that make me happy is
doing my homework
.
Seeing Mrs. Santa Claus
puts a smile on my face.
Slide13Participial phrases
(verb+-
ing
,-
ed
, -
t
, or -en)
Always “acts” as an adjective
They must be placed next to noun they modify!
Slide14Participial phrases
Taking out the garbage
, Neil encountered a rat.
Scratching his head
, Atticus squinted at the letter through
broken
glasses
.
Exhausted from work
, Elvis plopped onto his couch.
Slide15Infinitive Phrases
To + a verb used as noun, adj. or adverb.
To run
in the sun
is fun.
She loves
to smile
.
The show
to watch after the news
is
The Daily Show
.
Slide16LET’s PRACTICE!
Complete this chart:GerundParticipleInfinitive
The
verbal (or verbal phrase) “LOOKS LIKE” this…
The verbal (or
verbal phrase)
“ACTS LIKE” this
…
VERB
+ _______
NOUN
VERB +
ing
,
___, en, or ___
ADJECTIVE
NOUN,
____, or ____
Slide17Use your chart to identify the verbals and verbal phrases in these sentences:
1. Without trying, the talented volleyball player showed her 27-inch vertical!
2. Whipping her beautiful tresses around, Julia exhibited her flirtatious nature.
3. I find eating is far superior to sleeping though many would argue with my biased Italian logic!
4. Never again will I try to drive all night without sleeping.
5. Between the couch cushions I found a quarter, some old burnt toast, and my favorite journaling pen.
Slide18ANSWERS!
1. Without
trying (
g
)
, the
talented (
p
)
volleyball player showed her 27-inch vertical!
2
. Whipping her beautiful tresses around (part.
p
)
, Julia exhibited her flirtatious nature.
3. I find
eating (
g
)
is far superior to
sleeping (
g
)
though many would argue with my
biased (
p
)
Italian logic!
4. Never again will I try
to drive all night without
sleeping(ip
)
.
5. Between the couch cushions I found a quarter, some old
burnt (
p
)
toast, and my favorite
journaling (
p
)
pen.
Slide19You’ve heard of the Word Within The Word; Here’s The Phrase Within The Phrase: EMBEDDED PHRASES…
Yes, good writers enrich their “sentence stories” by writing
phrases within phrases
.
CHALLENGE!!!!
GO BACK to the sentences employing GERUNDS and add to the “story” of the sentence,
creating GERUND PHRASES.
As you create gerund phrases, add EMBEDDED PHRASES with prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases if you can!
Slide20Note the gerund phrasesand the embedded phrases…
Without
trying very hard
, … or
Without
trying
to show off
to her coaches
, …
. I find
eating large delicious meals
is far superior to
sleeping
until noon
…
. Never again will I try
to drive all night
without
sleeping
for a minimum
of six hours
.
Slide21Level 4: Clauses
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and its predicate.
There are two kinds of clauses: independent and dependent
Slide22Crack the CODE of GRAMMAR
I = Independent
D = Dependent
cc = coordinating
conjunct
ion (FANBOYS)
ca =
conjunct
ive adverb (however, therefore,
thusfar
, whatsoever, in spite of this, etc.)
Punctuation is a FUNCTION of the Grammar CODE as part of the sentence analysis.
Slide23Independent Clause (I)
These make sense
i
ndependent
ly; they can stand alone to deliver a
complete thought
without confusion or ambiguity.
Billy went to the party.
Slide24Dependent Clause (D)
These do
not
make sense independently; they cannot stand alone, for they cause confusion and questions that must be answered by an independent clause.
If Billy went to the
party,(needs
an “I”).
Slide25Dependent Clause (D)
If Billy went to the party,
his parents will freak out
.
Because Billy went to the party,
he was grounded for 20 weeks.
Even though Billy went to the party
, he didn’t get into trouble.
Slide26How to recognize a Dependent Clause (D)?
Dependent clauses can begin with one of the following words:
a subordinating conjunction
(ABBI SAW A WUWU conjunction)
if, as, since, when, because, although, after, until, unless, whenever, where, wherever, while
as if, as long as, but that, even if, except that, ever since, if only, in case, just as
a relative pronoun:
who, whose, whom, which, that
Slide27Practice:Circle the D clauses
After she ate her pumpkin pie, she fell asleep.
The Thanksgiving feast would have been even better if there had been more desserts!
I knew that Uncle Jimmy would smoke a smelly cigar while the ladies cleaned up the dishes.
Because my family is so competitive, my brothers have been known to overeat just to see who can consume the most in a single meal.
Slide28Four Sentence Structures
1. Simple
sentence
I
= Independent clause
2. Compound
sentences =
I, cc, I =
Two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
I; I =
Two or more independent clauses joined by a
semicolon
I; ca, I =
Two or more independent clauses joined by the combination
semicolon conjunctive adverb
Slide29Four Sentence Structures
3. Complex sentence
I D
or
D, I
or
D, I D =
Independent clause joined to dependent clause
4. Compound/Complex
I, cc I D
or
D,I , cc I
or
ID; ca, I =
Contains both compound and complex clause structures
Slide30Punctuation is a FUNCTION of Grammar!
I, cc I
I; I
ID
D, I
I; ca, I
Slide31I, cc I
Comma before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence (
Beyonce
Rule – comma “to the left” of the FANBOY)
ex.: Jeremy went to the party, and his best friend, Jake, joined him.
Slide32I ; I
Semicolon between two independent clauses
ex.: Billy went to the party; his parents never knew.
Slide33I D
No comma after independent clause in a complex sentence.
Billy went to the
party
because they were servings burgers.
Slide34D,I
Comma after
introductory
dependent clause in complex sentence.
Because they were serving burgers, Billy went to the party.
Slide35Don’t be a CODE breaker!
Why
do you think it is a grammar error to join two independent clauses with only a coordinating conjunction or (gasp!) no punctuation?
IccI
or II (incorrect because…?)
Billy went to the party yet he didn’t get caught. (incorrect because…?)
Billy went to the party he didn’t get caught. (incorrect because…?)
Slide36BEWARE the RUN-ON SENTENCE!
A run-on sentence may occur either by
FUSING (i.e., jamming two independent clauses into one sentence without punctuation!)
OR
SPLICING (i.e., connecting two independent clauses with a comma…NOT GOOD!)
Slide37Fusing can be hazardous to your grammar!
Parties are so much fun they are usually a place to dance and meet new people.
You better get directions I got lost the last time I went to Ella’s house.
Do you really think Halloween is the best holiday Christmas is much better.
FIX these…!
Slide38Splicing can hurt! I, I = a “comma splice”
Billy went to the party, he didn’t get caught. (incorrect because…?)
He had chores to do all weekend, Billy was not a happy kid. (incorrect because…?)
Mom and Dad don’t trust their son, they hope Billy learns to follow rules for his own safety. (incorrect because…?)
FIX these, please!
Slide39L4 analysis steps!
1. Go
BACK
to level 2, parts of sentence, to find the S-V “partners”;
CIRCLE
those “couples”!
2. Each S-V “couple” = a
clause
. Use your knowledge of conjunctions and punctuation to identify the
type of clause (I or D)
.
4. Directly under the circled “
couple(s
)” write the
CODE, carrying down the punctuation
, i.e., CODE the structure on line 4.
5.
NAME the structure
of the sentence
.
6.
NAME the
purpose
of the sentence.
Slide40Identify the sentence structure
Candy regrets not shooting his own dog.
Because Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, he has regrets.
Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision.
Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision because the dog was his responsibility.
Slide41Identify the sentence structure
Candy regrets not shooting his own dog.
(simple=I)
Because Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, he has
regrets.
(Complex
=D, I)
Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision.
(Compound=I, cc I)
Candy didn’t shoot his own dog, and he regrets that decision because the dog was his responsibility.
(Compound-Complex/I, cc I D)
Slide42Identify the sentence structure
Carlson epitomizes the lonely ranch hand; however, he doesn’t understand the friendship
Lennie
and George share.
Although George loves
Lennie
like a brother, he realizes he must stop him from killing again.
Mentally handicapped people faced discrimination during this time period and had few options in life.
Crooks dreams of having friends; he tells
Lennie
about his childhood home and friends he had.
Slide43Identify the sentence structure
Carlson epitomizes the lonely ranch hand; however, he doesn’t understand the
friendship that
Lennie
and George share.
(
compound/complex=
I; ca,
I D)
Although George loves
Lennie
like a brother, he realizes
that he
must stop him from killing again.
(complex=D
,
I D)
Mentally handicapped people faced discrimination during this time period and had few options in life.
(simple=I)
Crooks dreams of having friends; he tells
Lennie
about his childhood home and friends he had.
(compound=I;I)