U.S. Expansion and the - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

U.S. Expansion and the Spanish-American War (1898)

Explain why significant events and individuals including, the Spanish–American War,

(US.S. Maine) ;

U.S. expansionism (Hawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippine Islands), [Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Thayer Mahan], and Theodore Roosevelt, moved the U.S. into the position of a world power. (TEKS US 3A) (TAKS 1)

56. Describe the economic effects of international military conflicts, including the Spanish–American War, on the United States (new colonies and trading partners). (TEKS US 12E)

57. Analyze the effects of economic policies including the Open Door Policy and Dollar Diplomacy on U.S. diplomacy. (TEKS US 12D) Describe the dynamic relationship between U.S. international trade policies and the U.S. free enterprise system. (Open Door Policy) (TEKS 14E) (TAKS 3)

58. Analyze the effects of physical and human geographic factors on major events including the building of the

Panama Canal

. (TEKS US 9A) (TAKS 2)

59. Identify and explain reasons for changes in political boundaries such as those resulting from statehood and international conflicts (

Spanish–American War

). (TEKS US 9B) Slide2

The US Becomes A World PowerSlide3

U.S Expansion and the Spanish American War (1898)

Key Terms

Imperialism:

the actions used by one nation to exercise economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations

Annexation: incorporating a territory within the domain of a countryPan-Americanism: the popular idea that emerged in the 1880s that the United States and Latin America should work together to support peace and increase trade

Protectorate: a country that is technically independent but is actually under the control of another countryYellow Journalism: a type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers

Jingoism:

extreme nationalism marked by aggressive foreign policy

Anglo-

Saxonism

:

belief shared by many Americans that it was the destiny of the United States to expand overseas and spread its civilization to other peopleSlide4

Arguments in Favor of U.S. Expansion

Colonies could provide

raw materials

for American industries Americans can raise and maintain a powerful navy with

naval bases around the world Missionaries and other Americans believed that they could share American ideas to help less fortunate people Expansionism allowed the U.S. to become more competitive

with European nations Alfred Thayer Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power upon History – a powerful navy was essential to a country that wanted to achieve world power Slide5

Arguments Against American Expansion

Imperialism violated the U.S. foundation of self-rule

and went against President George Washington’s foreign policy advice on remaining

neutral and an

isolationist nation.Groups like the American Anti-Imperialist League – were against U.S. involvement in foreign policy that involved

subjugation of people. Slide6

What is foreign policy?

A policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.

What were the national objectives of the USA in the late 1800s?

Promote democracy?Safeguard US economic interests in Latin America?

Canal?Asia market (China, Japan, etc.)Slide7

A desire for new Markets

Over the last 19

th

century, European nations were expanding their power overseas.This expansion became known as the

“New Imperialism”Imperialism: the actions used by one nation to exercise economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations.Why?Raw Materials

Tariffs reduced trade among European nationsSearch for new investment opportunities

To build railroads, mines, and factoriesSlide8

New markets

As the USA industrialized in the late 1800s, Americans also looked abroad.

Closing of the American frontier

Anglo-Saxonism:

the belief shared by many Americans that it was the destiny of the United States to expand overseas and spread its civilization to other peopleJohn Fiske (historian)Josiah Strong (American missionary)Slide9

Expansion in the Pacific

Japan

Americans began looking overseas in the late 1800s and naturally looked westward.

Japan and China offered tremendous opportunities for trade.President Franklin Pierce sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to Japan in the early 1850s and forced Japan to open their ports to Americans.Slide10

Expansion in the Pacific

Annexing Hawaii

Americans were interested in Hawaii as a “stepping-

stone”to China

.American settlers in Hawaii grew sugar-cane that they sold to the US in the mid 1800s.US Sugar growers were not required to pay a tariff when they sold sugar in the US

In return, the US obtained a naval base in Pearl HarborSlide11

Expansion in the Pacific

Annexing Hawaii

In 1891

Queen Liliuokalani ascended to the Hawaiian throne. She tried to limit the power of the Americans and created a new constitution less favorable to the American sugar growersSlide12

Expansion in the Pacific

Annexing Hawaii

The American planters reacted by overthrowing the queen.

They requested that the US annex Hawaii.In 1898, the US annexed Hawaii.Slide13

Expansion In the Pacific

As imperialist ideas and Anglo-

Saxonism

gained popularity in the late 1800s, the US became more aggressive in foreign affairs.Alfred T. Mahan:

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783His book argued that a strong nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and defend its right to trade.His book helped build support for a big navy.Back by U.S. Senators

Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert J. Beveridge

By the 1890s, the US was on its way to becoming a top naval power.Slide14

The Spanish-American War (1898)

Causes of the War

Direct Cause

: The explosion on the U.S.S. Maine killing 266 of the 354 sailor and officers in February 15th, 1898.

Indirect CausesU.S. Support for Cuban IndependenceYellow JournalismjingoismSlide15

The Spanish-American War

Indirect Causes

Cuban Insurrection

Cuba was one of Spain’s oldest and most profitable coloniesLed by

Jose Martí, Cuban rebels launched a movement for independence from Spain in February, 1895. Many Americans supported the Cuban rebels and their struggle for Independence

Compared it to the struggle for US independenceSlide16

The Spanish-American War (1898)

Indirect Causes (cont’d)

Yellow Journalism

US support for Cuban Independence grew as the nation’s newspapers reported, exaggerated, and at times made up stories of Spanish atrocities in Cuba.

William Randolph HearstNew York JournalSold 1 million copies daily during the Cuban crisisJoseph PulitzerNew York World

Spanish atrocities were realSpanish General Valeriano

Weyler

, a.k.a. “

El

Carnicero

”

“

Reconcentration

camps”Slide17

The Spanish-American War (1898)

Steps to War

William McKinley (Rep.) became president in 1897.

He wanted to avoid war.

Sent the U.S.S. Maine to Havana, Cuba in January, 1898 to protect Americans in CubaIn February, 1898, the Spanish ambassador to the US Enrique

Dupuy de Lome wrote to Spain that McKinley was “weak.”

On Feb. 15, 1898, the Maine exploded in Havana harbor.

On March 28, 1898, a naval inquiry concluded that a mine had destroyed the Maine.

On April 11, 1898, McKinley called for war against Spain.

Teller Amendment: declared the US would guarantee Cuba independence after the Spanish were forced out.

April 29, 1898: US declares war on SpainSlide18

Spanish American War (1898)

The US Takes the Philippines

On May 1, 1898, Commodore

George Dewey led his squadron into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed the Spanish fleet.

With the help of Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo, U.S. forces captured Manila on August 13, 1898.Slide19

Spanish American War (1898)

American Forces Enter Cuba

On June 14, 1898, 17,000 US troops landed on the southern coast of Cuba and advanced on Santiago

.Led by the “

Rough Riders,” a volunteer cavalry made up of cowboys, miners and law officers.Theodore Roosevelt: Second in command of the Rough Riders

Captured San Juan HillThe American destroyed the Spanish fleet at Santiago Harbor on July 3, 1898.On August 12, 1898, Spain and the US agreed to a cease fire. Slide20

Spanish American WarSlide21

The New American Empire

On December 10, 1898, the US and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty:

Cuba

became an independent country

the US acquired Puerto Rico and Guamthe US agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the PhilippinesSlide22
Slide23

The Spanish American War: Aftermath

Rebellion in the Philippines

The US fought and finally defeated Filipino nationalists in 1901.

4,000 American died and 20,000 died in combat 1899-1901 suppressing the insurgency

Granted independence in 1946Puerto RicoForaker Act (1900)

: made PR an unincorporated territory“Commonwealth Status”1917: Puerto Ricans allowed US citizenship

1947: PR can elect a governor

Cuba

US established a military government in Cuba after the war

Platt Amendment (1901)

Cuba could not make any treaty with another nation

that would weaken its independence or allow another power to gain territory in Cuba

Cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease

naval stations

in Cuba

(Guantanamo)

Cuban debts had to be kept low

The US would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order

Repealed in 1934Slide24

American Diplomacy in the early 1900’s

Monroe Doctrine (1823):

Issued by President James Monroe in 1823; declared that the American continents were closed to European colonization; advised that Europe respect the sovereignty of the Latin American nations.

Sphere of influence:

section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powersOpen Door Policy (1898): a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence

Roosevelt Corollary (1904): an addition to the Monroe Doctrine; stated that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability.Dollar Diplomacy

: foreign policy of

President Taft (1909-1913)

; use the power of the dollar, not guns, to promote stability in Latin America.Slide25

Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power

Theodore Roosevelt became a war hero of the Spanish-American war in 1898.

Elected

governor of New York in 1898.

In 1900, he became Vice-President under President William McKinley.In September, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th President following the assassination of President McKinley.Slide26

Roosevelt and Foreign Policy

Roosevelt became a strong advocate of increasing and using American power on the world stage.

He believed that the US had a duty to lift up the “less civilized” corners of the world

He wanted to make the US a world military power.

Big Stick Policy: “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”Slide27

The Open Door Policy

Over the 1890’s, European powers and Japan established “leaseholds” or

spheres of influence

over large parts of China.A

sphere of influence was a section of a country where a foreign nation acquires special rights and privileges. The foreign nation controls economic development (such as railroad construction and mining) in this foreign territory.Slide28
Slide29

Open Door Policy

To counter these spheres of influence in China, President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay supported the

Open Door policy

.The policy that each foreign nation should allow other nations to trade freely in each other’s spheres of influence

Allowed US access to China’s lucrative trade in tea, spices, and silk and a larger market to sell US goodsSlide30

China’s Boxer Rebellion

Secret

nationalist

societies formed in China in the early 1900s to counter foreign influence. Westerners referred to some of these groups as “

Boxers.”Chinese nationalists believed foreigners were corrupting Chinese society.Boxer Rebellion: In 1900, these groups attacked foreign embassies and killed over 200 foreigners.

In August, 1900, an international force, including US troops, entered China and crushed the rebellion.Secretary of State John Hay played a major role in preventing European nations from using the rebellion as an excuse to partition China.Slide31

The Panama Canal

One of Roosevelt’s most important actions in Latin America was the acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone in 1903.

TR and others believed

a canal through Central America to be vital for projecting American power throughout the world.

The canal was needed to save time and money for trade and military shipping.A canal through Central America would shorten the distance between the Atlantic and the Pacific by about 8,000 nautical miles.Slide32

The Panama Canal

In 1901, the US and Great Britain signed the

Hay-

Pauncefote

Treaty, giving the US the exclusive right to build and control a proposed canal through Central America.In November, 1901, President Roosevelt sent ships to Panama in support of a military uprising for independence from Colombia.Slide33

The Panama Canal

In 1903, the US signed the

Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty

granting the US the control over 10-mile wide Panama Canal zone. Construction of the canal began in 1904.The project was completed in 1914 at a cost of $400 million and approximately 5,600 lives.

ObstaclesMalariaYellow feverSwamps

Slide34
Slide35

The Roosevelt Corollary

TR expanded on his “big stick” policy as the US became more involved in world affairs abroad.

In 1904, TR pushed a new form of diplomacy called the

“

Roosevelt Corollary.”the policy that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western HemisphereSlide36

US intervention in Latin America (1895-1930’s)Slide37

William Howard Taft and “Dollar Diplomacy”

William Howard Taft, Roosevelt’s successor, continued TR’s policies

.

Placed less emphasis on military force

Advocated Dollar Diplomacy: using the power of American business and trade to promote economic growth and stability in Latin America