AssocProf Dr Ahmet Zafer Şenalp email azsenalpgmailcom Mechanical Engineering Department Gebze Technical University ME 521 Computer Aided Design 2 BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM ID: 631855
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2. BASICS
OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalpe-mail: azsenalp@gmail.comMechanical Engineering DepartmentGebze Technical University
ME 521
Computer
Aided
DesignSlide2
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM What Is A Computer
?An electronic device that receives data, processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output
). A collection of electronic circuits, which can be on or off (open or closed). Any computer- regardless of its type- is controlled by programmed instructions, which gives the machine a purpose and tell it what to do.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
COMPUTER SYSTEM Slide3
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM These two states of the circuit are represented by two digits, 0 and 1.
Called the binary system. Combining bits (0 and 1), you can represent any character or number.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 5213
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
COMPUTER SYSTEM Slide4
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM PERSONAL COMPUTER
MAINFRAME COMPUTERMINICOMPUTER SUPER COMPUTERDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
TYPES OF COMPUTERSlide5
The most common types of computer is personal computerA personal computer that is designed to sit on a desk or table. These are the systems you see all around you, in school, homes, and office. Today’s
personal computers are more powerful than those of just a few year’s ago.Not only do these machine enable people to do their jobs with greater ease and efficient, but they can be used to communicate, produce music, edit photographs and videos, etc. the main components of the personal computer is the system units.
PERSONAL COMPUTERDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
5
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide6
MAINFRAME COMPUTERMainframe computer are used in large organizations such as insurance companies and banks, where many people frequently need to use the same data.
In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal. There are two types of terminals. A
dumb terminal does not process or store data; it is simply an input/output device that functions as a window into a computer located somewhere else. An intelligent terminal can perform some processing operations, but it usually does not have any storage. In some mainframe environments, however, workers can use a standard personal computer to access the mainframe.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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MINICOMPUTERFirst released in the 1960s, minicomputers got their name because of their small size compared to other computer of the day.
The capabilities of a minicomputer are somewhere between those of mainframe and personal computers. For this reason minicomputers are often called midrange computers.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 5217
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide8
SUPERCOMPUTERSupercomputers are the most powerful computers made, and physically they are some of the largest.
These systems can process huge amounts of data, and the fastest supercomputers can perform more than one trillion calculations per second. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
8Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide9
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM A computer system requires many components to do its job:
It requires some device or method to input data so it can be processed.
It requires circuit boards and programs to process the data.It needs some type of output device to display the result of its processing.It needs some mechanism for storing data.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
COMPUTER SYSTEM Slide10
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM A complete computer system
consists of mainly four parts.1. Hardware (The computer)2. Software (Programs)3. Data (Information) User (People)
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 52110
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide11
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Hardware
The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called Hardware. A computer’s hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that you can use to control the computer’s operation, input, and output.Software
Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks. In other words we can say that, software tells the computer what to do. Here the program refers to any piece of software.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Data
Data consist of individual facts or pieces of information that by themselves may not make much sense to a person. A computer primary job is to process these tiny pieces of data in various ways, converting them into useful information.Users
Peoples are the computer operators, also known as users. One can argue that some computer systems are complete without a person’s involvement; however no computer is totally autonomous. Even if a computer can do its job without a person sitting in front of it, people still design, build, program, and repair computer system.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide13
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTUCOMPUTER HARDWARESlide14
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTUCommon System Components
This figure shows several devices that are common components of a computer system.Slide15
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM System Motherboard
The motherboard contains the electronic circuitry of the computer.Components found on the motherboard include
The primary processing chip (CPU)The memory chipsExpansion slots for system interface cardsPorts for connecting external devicesBIOS chips that control system startupThe circuitry that enables all of these components to communicateDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
COMPUTER SYSTEM Slide16
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTUCOMPUTER SYSTEM
Example of a Motherboard
This figure shows the devices inside a PC case including the motherboard, the power supply, and some storage devices.Slide17
INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLEInformation processing cycle is a set of steps the computer follows to receive data, process the data according to instructions from a program, display the
resulting information to the user, and store the results
.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
17
Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
INPUT
Memory
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic
Unit
OUTPUTSlide18
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWAREA Computer’s hardware devices fall into one of four categories.
Processor: The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called processing. The processor is like the brain of computer system. A personal computer’s processor is usually a Single or a set of chips contained on a circuitboard.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
18Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWAREMemory devices:
Memory devices are of two types:R A M (Random Access Memory):RAM is like an electronic scratch pad inside the computer.
RAM is made up of a set of chips mounted on a small circuit board. RAM is a volatile memory. RAM has a tremendous impact on the speed and power of the computer. The computer can read from and write to RAM.When the computer is turned off or if there is loss of power, what ever is stored in RAM disappears.“Temporary Memory” – Short Term
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide20
ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARER O M (Read Only Memory): ROM is a non-volatile memory.ROM permanently stores its data, even when the computer is shut off
. ROM holds contents that the computer needs to operate. Memory on the motherboard that is long term; where the specific instructions that are needed for the computer to operate are stored.
This memory is nonvolatile and your computer can only read from a ROM chip.Most common is the BIOS ROM; where the computer uses instructions contained on this chip to boot or start the system when you turn on your computer. “Permanent Memory” – Long TermDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)Also known as the microprocessor, Processor.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is considered as the Brain of the computer.Housed on a tiny silicon chip.Chip contains millions of switches and pathways that help your computer make important decisions.It follows the instructions of the software (program) to manipulate data into information
.CPU knows which switches to turn on and which to turn off because it receives its instructions from computer programs (software).The CPU consists of two parts:◦Control unit and ◦Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)Both the ALU and the CU contains registers, which are◦high-speed memory ◦temporarily hold data and instructions during processing.CPU Speed is measured by using Hz (Hertz) KHz,MHz,GHz.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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A CPU CHIPDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
This figure shows a CPU chip for a small computer.
Computer programs are written in programming languages.
Each program statement causes one or more actions to occur in the CPU.
The
CPU
determines which of
the millions of switches that it
contains should be turned on
or off by processing program
statements that tell it what to do
.Slide23
C U (control unit):All the computer’s resources are managed from the control unit.
It act as a traffic signal directing the flow of data through the CPU as well as to and from other devices. The CPU instructions for carrying out commands are built into the control unit
.The control unit is the logical hub of the computer. We communicate with the computer through programming languages.Examples: COBOL, C++, HTML, Java Script or
VisualBasic.net
This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity within the CPU
.
It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them
.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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A L U (Arithmetic logic unit):The work of the ALU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations
.Arithmetic operation include addition, subtraction, multiplication,
anddivision. Logical operation include comparison, such as determining whether one number is equal to, greater than, or less than another number. Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWAREDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Slide26
The Instruction and Execution CyclesDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
The
execution cycle
is the amount of time required to execute the instruction and store the results.
This figure illustrates the basic machine cycle involved in processing a program statement.
The
instruction cycle
is the amount of time required to read and decode the instruction.Slide27
The Machine CycleDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Machine cycles are measured in microseconds.
The faster your computer can process machine cycles, the faster it can process data
.
The instruction cycle and one
or more execution cycles create
a
machine cycle
.Slide28
Computer System ControllersDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
A PC motherboard contains several controllers
.
Controllers are devices that control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices
.
Common peripheral devices include a mouse, monitor, printer, keyboard, and so on
.
Controllers usually are found on a single chip that can handle all common devices.Slide29
PortsDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer circuitry
.
Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time
.
Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time
.
USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to replace serial and parallel ports
.
USB can connect up to 127 external devices
.
Firewire
is another high-speed method
.
Firewire
can connect up to 63 external devices.Slide30
Expansion SlotsDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept circuit cards to perform specific functions
.
These commonly are used to plug in sound cards, video cards, scanners, and other devices.
Electrical prongs along the bottom are used to plug into the expansion slot and make an electrical connection to the main board.
This port protrudes from the back of the PC case and is used to attach the device that this card controls.Slide31
OPERATING SYSTEMUSING OPERATING SYSTEM:The OS is an example of system software- software that controlsthe system’s hardware and that interacts with the user and
application software. In short OS is the computer’s master control program. The OS provides you with the tool that enables you to Interact with the PC.Types of operating system:Operating system can be organized into four types.1.Real-time
operating systemSingle-user/single-tasking operating systemSingle-user/multitasking operating systemMulti-user/multitasking operating systemDr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Slide32
OPERATING SYSTEMReal-time operating system:
A real time operating system is a very fast, relatively small OS.They are build into the circuitry of a device and are not loaded froma disk drive. A real time OS is needed to run real time application Real time application are needed to run medical diagnostics
equipment, life support system, machinery, scientific instruments,and industrial systems. 2. Single-user/single-tasking operating system:An operating system that allows a single user to perform just one task at a time is a single-user/single-tasking operating system. OScan only manage a single task at a time. MS-DOS
is one example of a single tasking OS.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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OPERATING SYSTEM3. Single-user/multitasking operating system:
A Single-user/multitasking operating system is one that allows a Single user to perform two or more functions at once. The multi-tasking features of these OSs have greatly increased the productivity of people in the large variety of jobs because they can accomplish in less time.
The disadvantages of Single-user/multitasking operating system isthe increased size, complexity to support multitasking.Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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OPERATING SYSTEM4. Multi-user/multitasking operating system:
A Multi-user/multitasking operating system is an operating systemthat allows multiple users to use programs that are simultaneouslyrunning on a single network server. In a Multi-user/multitasking
operating system environment, all or most of the computing occurs at the server. The advantage of these operating system is that they can be managed by simply making changes to one server rather than to many desktop computer.A disadvantages is that if the network connection to the server is Broken, the user can not do any work in the application of server.Ex- UNIX, VMS, and mainframe operating system such as MVS.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
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Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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NetworkWhen computers are connected to other computersThey can share information and sometimes hardware (printers)Two Types: Local-Area and Wide-Area
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
35Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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NetworkLocal Area Networks (LAN): Computers connected together in a relatively close location such as in the same building or department.The data and software for these computers are stored on a central computer called the file server.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
36Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU
2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
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NetworkWide Area Networks (WAN): When local area networks are expanded to include several local area networks within a city, state, region, territory, country, continent, or the world.
Dr. Ahmet Zafer Şenalp ME 521
37Mechanical Engineering Department, GTU2. BASICS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM