July 2017 Supported by the i2i KCP UFGE TampI GP and Brazil CMU Willing to pay to avoid harassment Evidence from public transit in Rio de Janeiro Harassment in public transport is pervasive ID: 634854
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Florence Kondylis, Arianna Legovini, Kate Vyborny and Astrid ZwagerJuly 2017Supported by the i2i, KCP, UFGE, T&I GP and Brazil CMU
Willing to pay to avoid harassment:
Evidence from public transit in Rio de JaneiroSlide2
Harassment in public transport is pervasive But it’s hard to understand the magnitude of the problem:underreporting makes statistics unreliable
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IT comes at Psychosocial & economic costReduce psychological wellbeing, induce stress, increase cortisol levels
Affect labor decisions, job options, time of travel and destinations
Segment markets along gender lines, professions
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Hard to quantify incidence & impactHawthorne effect: observation affects incidence, behaviorThis study works around it to quantify economic impact
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the case ofSlide6
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~1 in 8 metro cars reserved for women at rush hour 6:00-9:00 am 5:00-8:00 pmSlide7
Study DesignInstitutional collaboration (Supervia, WB TransportGP/Brazil CMU)Innovative data collection
Phased approach to answer different questions
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Innovative data collection:
crowdsourcing preferences and experiences
Recruited 300
Supervia
riders: pay them to ride and report
Contributors submit data through an android app
Record origin/ destinationSlide9
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Record characteristics of each rideSlide10
10A: Baseline mapping
A team of contributors was dispatched across the transit system to map out male presence in women-only and mixed cars during rush hour …
…this is what they foundSlide11
Women-only cars are full of men
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A lei não pega muito
Average % of
men in mixed
car: 62%
Average % of men in
Women only car: 31%Slide13
Compliance IS LOW60% of riders are male in mixed cars 30% of riders are male in women’s only carsEnforcing compliance is hard
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Incidence of harassment IS HIGHVerbal harassment in 6% of rides Physical harassment in 4% of rides
or harassed once a week
Riders reported 34-55% lower harassment in high compliance women’s cars
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15B: Randomized car assignment
Riders are assigned to either:
women-only or
mixed car
Record experience in the women’s vs. mixed car
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RIDING in women-only cars CAN REDUCE HARASSMENTVerbal harassment reduced by 55%Physical harassment reduced by 34%
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C: Assign different payouts
Which car does the rider choose at baseline when
payout is equal
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Willing to
give up money
to ride the women’s car?
Reveal willingness to pay or economic value to riders
VSSlide18
WOMEN willing to pay to avoid harassment about 84$ a year
A third of riders are willing to pay to use the women’s cars
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Does this study tell you the economic cost of harassment?NoWe only estimate the cost to the women who use public transportWhat about those women who avoid it?
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Is this the way to eNd harassment?No
Empower women to speak up and report
Put social pressure on perpetrators (e.g. public shaming)
Put social pressure on the public to intervene
Train staff to intervene
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It’s transport that is public, not my body