Chapter 11 The Civil War Main Idea The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and the South to prepare for war in earnest Chapter 11 Section 1 Preparing for War The Fall of Fort Sumter Commander of the fort Robert Anderson sent urgent message to Lincoln March 5 ID: 680380
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Big Picture: The Civil War resulted in freedom for some 4 million enslaved people and the preservation of a nation. The costs were staggering—more than 600,000 lives lost and about $5 billion in property damaged or destroyed.
Chapter 11:
The Civil WarSlide2
Main Idea: The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and the South to prepare for war in earnest.
Chapter 11 Section 1: Preparing for WarSlide3
The Fall of Fort Sumter
Commander of the fort, Robert Anderson sent urgent message to Lincoln March 5
Confederate leaders demanded he
surrender
or face attack
Fort supplies were running low, they need help!What to do?Surrender – shows south the north does not want a war; some northerners did not want to treat them as a separate legitimate nationLincoln would not surrender, told Confederates he would only send food and other nonmilitary supplies to fort—how would President Davis respond?
CrisisSlide4
Davis decides to act before provisions arriveTells commanding officer to order an evacuation and if they refuse, to proceed to reduce [destroy] itApril 12, Confederate artillery
opened fire on fort
Fort’s defenses were no match and they surrendered the next day
April 14 US flag was replaced with southern flag
AttackSlide5
The Rush to War and Border States
Response to Ft. Sumter
President Lincoln calls
75,000 volunteers
to serve for
90 days to put down rebellionNortherners rush to enlist8 slave states that remained in the Union had to choose sidesSouthern states were enragedIn April, Virginia secededIn May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followedWhat about
border states—slaveholding states that remained in the Union and formed border with the ConfederacySlide6
Border StatesDelawareVery few slaves and slaveholders, remains loyal to Union
Maryland
Most critical
as it surrounded D.C.
Pro-secessionist burned bridges and cut telegraph wires
Lincoln sent federal troops to guard sites and put parts of the state under martial lawMissouriCould control lower Mississippi RiverLincoln sends troops to help pro-Union gov’t stay in control of stateKentuckyControl of some 700 miles of Ohio River meant Union open to threatNo matter what side they chose, people were
fighting on both sidesSlide7
Goals and Strategies
Goal: fight to
save the Union
(patriotic), not settle the slavery issue
Strategies (The Anaconda Plan):
Blockade southern portsUnion gunboats down the Mississippi to cut the Confederacy in twoGoal: to be left alone with slavery unchanged
Strategies:Hold the invading armies off until they tire out and withdraw (defensive war)Cotton Diplomacy – if war disrupted cotton supply to Great Britain and France, both nations would come to their aid to restore the cotton trade
NorthSouthSlide8
Advantages and DisadvantagesNorth
Advantages
Larger
population
Industry supported manufacturing
Larger railroad networkStrong leader in LincolnWell-organized navyDisadvantagesOffensive war, had to take the war to themSouth
AdvantagesDefensive war, opposition comes to usKnowledge of the area, used to conditions, supplies closerFighting for their survival and way of life
Strong military leaders (i.e. Robert E. Lee)DisadvantagesFar fewer resources than the northSlide9
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 1
What was the Anaconda Plan?
How were initial military strategies of the North and the South different?
Was the South’s strategy for fighting the war a good one? Why or why not?Slide10
Main Idea: Widespread fighting occurred during the first two years of the Civil War.
Chapter 11 Section 2: Fighting EruptsSlide11
The Major Battles BeginGeneral McDowell warned President Lincoln the Union army was not ready
90-day enlistment almost up
No real training and not used to marching
Lincoln notes they are all “
green
” [inexperienced] the South included Slide12
First Battle of Bull Run
Armies
could not carry out plans, battle became a chaotic
free-for-all
At
first Union troops push Confederates backVirginia soldiers led by Gen. Thomas Jackson rushed onto field and stopped Union advancement ~ “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” “Rally behind the Virginians!” ~ Stonewall Jackson had earned his famous nicknameUnion soldiers begin to fall back and Confederates do not push aheadEnded hopes for a short warLincoln called for more volunteers willing to serve for 3 years
Replaced McDowell with George McClellanSlide13
A New War: Technology and Devices
Bullet-shaped ammunition rather than round ball
Spiral groove inside gun barrel
New reloading system
cannonballs replaced by shrapnel
Observation balloons to direct artillery fireFirst use of camouflageMachine guns, wire entanglement, flamethrowers, and gas shellsTelegraph allows quick communicationRailroads move large numbers of troopsNew technologies made the war extremely deadlySlide14
IroncladsArmored gunboats, covered with heavy iron plates up to 3” thick
Nearly invincible to Confederate cannon fire
Critical
to the North’s campaign for the Mississippi RiverSlide15
Ulysses S. GrantUnion general in command of the
west
Takes Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in quick surrenders
Grant would accept “No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender…”
Capture of both forts caused a sensation in both North and South
2 major rivers are now vulnerable to attack in the ConfederacySlide16
Battle of Shiloh
April 6, 1862
Confederates attacked Union troops camped at Shiloh Church
After hours of fighting Confederates had pushed Union forces back; Grant does not retreat
Next day Union forces doubled pushed Confederates back; by 2:30 pm the battle was over
Bloodiest fighting yet seenEnded northern hopes that rebellion would collapse on its ownOpened way for Union forces to split the Confederacy and gain complete control of the Mississippi RiverSlide17
The War in the East
Peninsula Campaign
March 1862, General McClellan moved his large army
Came upon small number of Confederates at Yorktown, but
delayed attack
to ask for more troopsLincoln denied and advised him to act now, he did notMay 31 Confederates turned and attacked the Union forces divided by a riverNo winners, heavy losses on both sidesLincoln removes McClellan from command
Second Battle of Bull Run August 29, Lee lured General Pope into battle near Manassas, almost the same ground where McDowell was beaten a year beforeWith Pope’s defeat, Lincoln put
McClellan back in command (“We must use what tools we have.”)Morale in the north is at an all-time lowConfederates believed a victory on Union soil might prompt the North to ask for peaceSlide18
The Union is Invaded
Battle of Antietam
McClellan is again indecisive and
delayed orders for 16 hours
, so Confederates were able to organize their defenses
September 17, 1862Time and time again Union forces charged defenses to no availBloodiest single-day battleCombined loss of 23,000 (Lee lost 1/3 of his numbers)McClellan did not push forward the next dayLincoln relieved him of duty a second and final time
Battle of Fredericksburg
General Burnside orders frontal attack of ConfederatesDecember 13, 1862, men were ordered 14 times to chargeOnly the approach of darkness and pleas of his commanders halted the slaughterMore than 13,000 men (twice the number of Lee’s troops) lostFurther destroyed Northern moraleSlide19
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 2
How did the new weapons used in the war affect the fighting?
How did the First Battle of Bull
R
un change the way people viewed the war?What might have happened if Lincoln had replaced McClellan with Grant earlier in the war?Slide20
Main Idea: The Civil War created hardships,, challenges , and opportunities for people in the North and the South
Chapter 11 Section 3: The War Behind the LinesSlide21
The Emancipation Proclamation
Northern attitudes change in regards to “
just”
saving the Union
January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in all areas that were in
rebellion against the United StatesReactions were mixed:Upset Northern abolitionists because it allowed slavery to continue in the states not in rebellionIt also did not apply to the areas of the Confederacy that had already been conquered by Union forces
Some northerners feared increased competition for jobs
Some believed it would help shorten the warGreat Britain felt Lincoln had not gone far enoughOnly freed these slaves because he feared causing trouble in the border states and other parts of the North and losing their supportSlide22Slide23
African Americans and the WarHuge contributions in the South
Working on the farms and plantations provided food for soldiers as well as releasing white males from labor to join the army
Served in noncombat jobs like cooking, nursing, driving wagons, building defenses
Escaped slaves were often times hired by Union army to drive wagons, build forts, serve as guides, etc.
African American soldiers served in
segregated units usually commanded by white officersAt first they were mainly used for labor and guard duty
In May and July of 1863 African American regiments fought heroically in attacks at Port Hudson and Fort WagonerNearly 180,000 served in the Union armies
By the end of the war black troops had served in some 200 battles and more than 38,000 died serving the UnionSlide24Slide25
Life in the MilitaryMost troops did not die on the battlefield or wounds suffered there
Disease
was by far the greatest killer of soldiers
No such thing as vaccinations and antibiotics-diseases spread rapidly in camp
Some soldiers were sickened by poor sanitation and polluted water supplies
Civil War doctors knew nothing about bacteria and the spread of themMost wounds ended in amputation75% of time was spend in camp
Conditions were poor; either too muddy or too drySoldiers crammed into tents designed for far fewer, sometimes even forced to sleep on groundUp early in the morning for breakfast, daily drills and chores
Ate well at first but supplies will dwindleSlide26
Life on the Home Front
March 1863, Union turns to the draft (
forced military service
) to find more soldiers
The draft fueled the antiwar movement
Opposition to war was led by members of the Democratic Party in Congress, known as CopperheadsLincoln suspended habeas corpus across entire country in September 1862
Few factories, little ability to manufacture needed goodsFood production droppedBecause of the blockade costs of everyday items soared
Confederate government printed huge sums of paper money Borrowed money and sold bonds (fought the war on credit) April 1862, Confederate Congress enacted the first military draft North
SouthSlide27
Women in the Civil War
Several hundred disguised themselves as men and enlisted in the army
Few served as
spies
Took over farms, plantations, stores, and other businesses while men served in armies
Worked as bankers and steamboat captainsWorked in factories to make clothes, shoes, and other suppliesFormed societies to gather and send supplies to their armiesBegan serving as nurses and tending to soldiers on the battlefieldsSlide28
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 3
What is the draft?
How did the blockade affect the South?
Why did Lincoln free slaves only in areas in rebellion against the United States?Slide29
Main Idea: Important fighting occurred in all sections of the country as well as at sea.
Chapter 11 Section 4: The War continuesSlide30
The Civil War at Sea
Blockade Runners
Slipping through, or “
running
” the Union blockade was pretty easy in the beginning
By the summer of 1862, however, more Union ships had been obtained and blockade became tighterThe South depended on blockade runners, built for speed, to get past Union shipsSlide31
The Monitor and the Merrimack
USS
Merrimack
was captured by Confederates, covered with thick iron plates and renamed the
Virginia
Word reached the north who then rushed to make their own ironcladMarch 9, 1862, the Monitor arrived off the coast of VirginiaThe two ships fought for hours, neither able to do any serious damage, no clear winner, but changed the face of naval
warfare, demonstrating the ability
of ironclads to withstand cannon fireSlide32
The Battle of Chancellorsville
General Hooker leaves troops to distract Lee while moving other troops west and south to surprise the rebels from behind
Lee expected this and marched west leaving a few soldiers behind to it appear they remained
May
2, 1863-Jackson’s troops charged out of the woods at Hooker’s troops as they cooked dinner in their
campsBattle lasted 2 more days (17,000 Union casualties and 13,000 rebels)Lee’s greatest and most brilliant victory, northern morale sunk even lowerLee decides to invade the North againSlide33
The Battle of Gettysburg
Lincoln replaced the indecisive Hooker with General George Meade
Three-day battle (July 1-4, 1863) in PA,
largest battle
ever fought in N. America
Union defenses were broken through, but the 20th Maine made a heroic defense at Little Round TopLee ordered 15,000 fresh troops to attack the center; his commanding officers disagreedPickett’s Charge led to the death of over half his regimentLee retreated the next daySlide34
The Siege of VicksburgApril 1863 Grant moves toward Vicksburg winning 5 battles in 17 days
In May, Grant began a siege to starve Vicksburg and 32,000 defenders as well as constant shelling on the city
July 4 the Confederate commander at Vicksburg
surrendered the city
and his army of 31,000 troopsSlide35
The Chattanooga CampaignSeptember 1863 the Battle of Chickamauga resulted in a Union campaign to capture Chattanooga (railroad center on GA-TN border)
By November 1863 Grant’s victories gave him the control and an important first step in Grant’s
plan to invade GeorgiaSlide36
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 4
What major events of the war occurred in 1863?
How did the battle between the
Monitor
and the Virginia change naval warfare?
How might the war have been different if Lee had designed not to fight at Gettysburg?Slide37
Main Idea: Southerners continued to hope for victory in 1864, but military and political events caused those hopes to fade.
Chapter 11 Section 5: The final PhaseSlide38
Grant takes CommandPresident Lincoln believed he finally had a general who could crush the Confederates
March 1864, Lincoln brought Grant to Washington and gave him command of the Union armies
General William T. Sherman was given command of the western front
Election of 1864 was upon them
Lee does
not necessarily want to win the battles but make the cost of fighting so high that Lincoln would lose the electionGrant hoped to end the war before November (before the election)Grant pushes toward Richmond to cut off supplies to Confederates, Lee was content to dig in and wait for the electionSlide39
Sherman on the move
Sherman marched troops toward Atlanta, important southern manufacturing and transportation center
Sherman laid siege on Atlanta, shelling the city daily with his artillery, finally able to close the last railroad line forcing Confederate troops out of the city on September 1
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta allowed Lincoln to
defeat McClellan
easily in the electionLincoln’s victory also enabled Congress to pass the 13th Amendment to end slavery in the USFinally passed the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865Ratified by states and became part of the Constitution in December 1865Slide40
Sherman’s MarchAfter the election, Sherman set out with 60,000 troops to march across GA and capture
Savannah
Sherman burned much of Atlanta as they left
Sherman’s March to the Sea cut a destruction 300 miles long and 50-60 miles wide across
Slaughtered livestock, destroyed crops, tore up railroad tracks, looted homes and businesses
His tactics were designed to show that Union armies could now do as they wished in the South – further resistance was uselessArrived outside Savannah December 10, commander surrendered by December 21In January 1865, Sherman brought his army north into SCFew private homes were destroyed in GA, few in SC escaped destructionSlide41
The fall of RichmondApril 2, 1865 Grant broke through Lee’s defenses without waiting for Sherman
Confederate leaders fled the city and Union troops entered Richmond the next day
Lee tried to escape to join another force retreating from Sherman’s forces in NC
Union forces surrounded the Confederates at the town of
Appomattox Court House, VASlide42
Surrender at Appomattox
Lee and Grant met in a home on Sunday, April 9
They chatted about the days of the Mexican-American War
Grant presented terms of
surrender
Lee’s troops only had to turn over weapons and leaveGrant offered food to starving troops and ordered guns silenced in Union campsLast of Confederate forces surrender on May 26, 1865Slide43
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 5
How did Sherman help Lincoln win re-election in 1864?
In what ways were Grant’s and Lee’s strategies different in 1864?
Why do you think Lee encouraged his soldiers to go home and become good citizens?Slide44
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite out the question and the answer
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds.”
~ Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
What does the word malice mean?
What is the “work we are in” that Lincoln refers to?
How do Lincoln’s words show his attitude toward the South
?Slide45
Chapter 11 ReviewWrite the question and answer
Read the passage in Section 5 that begins with the heading “Sherman’s March.” Then answer the questions that follow.
One of Sherman’s main reasons for being so destructive was that he...
wanted revenge on Robert E. Lee.
was trying to show Grant he was a good general.
wanted to destroy the South’s ability to fight.
was trying to make Britain and France stop supporting the South.
The term swath (in the 2nd paragraph) means...a strike or blow.an important victory.
an exchange of goods or services.a long, broad band or strip.