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Historians used to describe turn-of-the-century U.S. imperialism as something new…now Historians used to describe turn-of-the-century U.S. imperialism as something new…now

Historians used to describe turn-of-the-century U.S. imperialism as something new…now - PowerPoint Presentation

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Historians used to describe turn-of-the-century U.S. imperialism as something new…now - PPT Presentation

By 1890s policymakers were on a determined quest for global overseas markets that would create jobs and prosperity at home Policymakers feared that American workers would embrace socialism or communism ID: 659846

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Slide1

Historians used to describe turn-of-the-century U.S. imperialism as something new…now they emphasize continuities between foreign policy in this era and the nation’s relentless earlier expansion across the continentSlide2

By 1890s, policymakers were on a determined quest for global, overseas markets that would create jobs and prosperity at home

Policymakers feared that American workers would embrace socialism or communismSlide3

1885- minister Josiah Strong,

Our Country,

predicted that American “Anglo-Saxons”—”the representative, let us hope, of the largest liberty, the purest Christianity, the highest civilization, having developed particularly aggressive traits calculated to impress its institutions upon mankind” would “spread itself over the earth”

American exceptionalism—

The idea that the United States had a unique destiny to foster democracy and civilizationSlide4

Empires have no interest in operating within an international system, they aspire to

be

the international system. Empires have no need for a balance of power.

That is how the United States has conducted its foreign policy in the Americas.

No country has so tormented itself over the gap between its moral values, which are by definition absolute, and the imperfection inherent in the concrete situation to which they must be applied.Slide5

The Rise of the American EmpireSlide6

Early Thoughts of Empire

Washington referred to America as a “nascent empire” later an “infant empire”

Jefferson was “persuaded no constitution was ever before as well calculated as ours for extending extensive empire and self- government”…the initial “confederacy “ of thirteen would be “the nest from which all America, North and South would be peopled”

Madison (10

th

Federalist Papers)

argued for “extend[

ing

] the sphere” to create a larger republic

Monroe defended westward expansion:

It must be obvious to all, that the further the expansion is carried, provided it be not beyond the just limit, the greater will be the freedom of action to both [state and federal] Governments, and the more perfect their security; and, in all other respects, the better the effect will be to the whole American people. Extent of territory, whether it be great or small, give to a nation many of its characteristics

.

It marks the extent of its resources, of its population, of its physical force. It marks, in short, the difference between a great and a small power”Slide7

Hamilton (1

st

Federalist Papers)

referred to the US as “in many respects the most interesting…empire…in the world,” looking forward to the emergence of a “great American system, superior to the control of all trans-Atlantic force of influence, and able to dictate the terms of connection between the Old and the New World”Slide8

History of U.S. Foreign Policy

George Washington: “no foreign entanglements”

James Monroe 1823: American affairs=the whole Western Hemisphere

1) US would not get involved in European affairs

2) US would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Western Hemisphere

3) No other nation could form a new colony in the Western Hemisphere

4) If they did the US would view it as a hostile act against the US...the peoples of the West “are henceforth, not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers”

Not really used or known as Monroe Doctrine until the 1900s

So until the 1890s into the 1900s, America practiced isolationismSlide9

The America Frontier– “Manifest Destiny” & Cash

Conquering the Native Americans relatively easy; establishing

terra nullius,

free, ownerless land

None of other European powers posed a fatal threat to US after 1783

Bought Louisiana Purchase—eight hundred thousand square miles for $11.2 million from France (1803)

*

Britain agreed to boundary at 49

th

parallel for southern boundary of Canada (1812)

Spain relinquished Florida and recognized new western boundary along border of what became Oklahoma (1815)

With the War with Mexico and $20 million, the US acquired Texas, Upper California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and Nevada (1848)

*

The

Gasden

Purchase cost $10 million in 1853

*

Alaska cost $7.2 million in 1867

*Slide10

New Markets

1880s – James G. Blaine (Secretary of State) voiced that “openings of assured and profitable enterprise” for northern industry “in the mines of South America and the railroads of Mexico…even in mid-ocean” and that it was “the especial province of this country to improve and expand its trade with the nations of America”

Early 1890s, Indiana senator Albert J. Beveridge claimed “American factories are making more that the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must and shall be ours…We will establish trading posts throughout the world as distributing points for American products…Great colonies governing themselves, flying our flag and trading with us, will grow about our posts of trade…And American law, American order, American civilization, and the American flag will plant themselves on shores hitherto bloody and benighted, but by those agencies of God henceforth to be made beautiful and

bright”

Between

1865—1900,

American coal production rose by 800%

r

ailway

track mileage

rose by

567%

wheat

production rose by 256

%

immigration

doubled the

populationSlide11

Economic Imperialism

Components of economic imperialism were equal on both sides of the Atlantic:

A desire to reduce other people’s tariffs (Open Door)

A confidence that overseas investment would beget new export markets

A readiness to use political and military leverage to outwit competition

Ideological currents—social Darwinism…no desire to shoulder the “white man’s burden”Slide12

Moving Outside the Continent-- Imperialism

Was obtaining colonies outside the borders even constitutional?

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (1857): there was “certainly no power given by the Constitution to the Federal Government to establish or maintain colonies bordering on the United States or at a distance, to be ruled and governed at its own pleasure; not to enlarge its territorial limits in any way, except by admission of new States”

First overseas possessions were islands desirable only as naval bases

1867-Midway

1877-Pago Pago

1898-Guam & Wake Island,

P

hilippines, Puerto Rico

1898-Overthrow of Hawaii and annexation

In 1899 A. Lawrence Lowell (

Harvard Review):

“Possession may also be acquired as not to form part of the United States, and in that case constitutional limits, such as those requiring uniformity of taxation and trial by jury do not apply” (later confirmed in

Downes

v Bidwell 1901)Slide13

“This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have just given England a maritime rival that sooner or later will lay low her pride”

----Napoleon BonaparteSlide14
Slide15
Slide16
Slide17

American ImperialismSlide18

1890-1914

Shift from continental to world power

Anglo-American concept

Special bond forming between US and Britain

US complete control of Latin America

Putting teeth in Monroe Doctrine

Britain extricates itself

Closed sphere of influence

Increasing presence in Asia

Open Door sphere of influence

Double standard

Begin collision course with Japan

Myth of American exceptionalism

Makes American feel good

Fostering economic development and spreading democracy

“Beacon” to shine on the rest of the world

Power of economics

Multi-national corporations

Dollar drives foreign policy

Cuba, Hawaii, Nicaragua, Philippines—all have viable systems of democratic ideals but incapable of self-rule?Slide19

Why 1890s?

Closing American frontier

Safety valve—always move

Industrial revolution

1893 financial panic

Need markets

Great social unrest

Labor unions

Get in overseas adventure, will manufacture consent

Geopolitics

Mahan—sea power

Social Darwinism

Strong must conquer weak

Yellow Press

Stirs up emotion-sensationalism

Foreign adventure stories

Internationalists—new generation

Teddy Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge

Success of British model

Imperialism---”Sun never sets on the British Empire”Slide20

The Western Hemisphere

Secretary of State Richard Olney: the United States could be regarded as “practically sovereign on this continent”—”not because of pure friendship or good will felt for it…not simply by reason of its high character as a civilized state, nor because wisdom and justice and equity are the invariable characteristics of the dealings of the United States…[but] because in addition to all other grounds, its infinite resources combined with its isolated position render it master of the situation and practically invulnerable”

But US really needed a navy…enter Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

1904—Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine making US an “international police power” Big Stick Diplomacy

1907—US Navy only second to that of Great Britain and the Monroe Doctrine belatedly acquired credibilitySlide21

1898-1909

Spanish-American War

US acquires Guam, Puerto Rico & Philippines; Cuba independence

Fought a 3 year war in the Philippines

Platt Amendment kept Cuba under US “protection”

1904-Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine making US an international policing power

Asserted the US unrestricted right to regulate affairs in the Caribbean

Not a treaty, only a declaration sanctioned only by US military and economic might

In 1909, US overthrew Jose Santos

Zelaya

in Nicaragua because he refuse to allow American lumber and mining companies to operate freely in his country

Began a cycle of rebellion and intervention lasting nearly a century

American banana planter angry at Honduras President Davila’s efforts to limit his land holdings and tax his exports; US troops help stage a “revolution” launched by planter and Davila forced into exileSlide22

Open Door Policy

In 1894-1895, Japan, Russia, Germany, France & Britain divide coastal China in spheres of influence

US Secretary of State John Hay sent notes claiming the right of equal trade access—an “open door” for all nations seeking to do business in China

US wanted access to huge markets in China

In 1900, Chinese nationalist (Boxers) rebelled against foreign occupation and US sent in 5,000 troops to join multinational campaign to stop the rebellion

During this time, Japan was emerging as East Asia’s dominant power startling US & Britain

Theodore Roosevelt got a Pulitzer Peace Prize for mediating a Russo-Japanese conflict over Korea and Manchuria; Roosevelt respected the Japanese and in 1908 US signed the Root-

Takahira

Agreement with Japan

In 1909, Taft entered White House and thought US was short changed in Asia—pressed for larger role for American investors “Dollar Diplomacy;” then supported Chinese nationalist

The Open Door policy with China was considered a double standard on the US because they wouldn’t open spheres of influence in Central and South AmericaSlide23

Wilson & Mexico

Since the 1870s Mexican dictator Diaz created a friendly climate for American investors who purchased railroads, plantations, mines and much coveted oil fields

By early 1900s he began to nationalize (reclaim) key resources which angered American investors

In 1911, Francisco Madero, an advocate of constitutional government who was friendlier to US interests forced Diaz to resign and proclaimed himself president

In 1913 Madero was deposed and murdered by

Victoriano

Huerta

In 1914 Wilson sent a small force of marines to seize control of the key port and oil terminal of Veracruz and prevent importation of German arms—Huerta’s regime crumbled &

Venustiano

Carranza became Mexico’s leader

Revolutionary activity did not stop and Wilson sent 11,000 troops across the border to find rebel

Pancho

Villa…they failed and began small skirmishes with the Mexican army—fearing full out war, both governments backed off

US policymakers had shown they would not only police Central America and the Caribbean but also Mexico when they deemed it necessary Slide24

20

th

-Century Overall

Factors that shaped foreign policy:

1) Economics

Multi-national corporations

Economic power elite-political system

Cold-War military-industrial complex

2) Ideology

Vision of national greatness—American exceptionalism

Racial hierarchy-cultural superiority

Extreme anti-revolutionary

Unilateralism – acting alone and independent

3) Domestic politics

Can’t appear weak

Nation of ill-informed immigrants

4) Rise of imperial presidency

Bypass checks & balances

Violates foundation of American Government

5) Resource wars

oil

Slide25

In the 20

th

-century, no country has influenced international relations as decisively and at the same time as ambivalently as the United States. No society has more firmly insisted on the inadmissibility of intervention in the domestic affairs of other states, or more passionately asserted that its own values were more universally applicable. No nation has been more pragmatic in the day-to-day conduct of its diplomacy, or more ideological in the pursuit of its historic moral convictions. No country has been more reluctant to engage itself abroad even while undertaking alliances and commitments of unprecedented reach and scope.

Henry Kissinger

Secretary of State 1973-1977