1041 Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism eg the role played by national security and strategic advantage moral issues raised by the search for national hegemony Social Darwinism and the missionary impulse material issues such as land r ID: 405161
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Slide1
The New Imperialism
10.4.1: Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism (e.g., the role played by national security and strategic advantage; moral issues raised by the search for national hegemony, Social Darwinism, and the missionary impulse; material issues such as land, resources, and technology.Slide2
What was it?
According to historian John Lowe, imperialism involved “the assertion of European political influence or control over other territories, especially in Africa and Asia, involving some measure economic exploitation.”Slide3
Who were the important imperial powers?
Great Britain
was the strongest naval power and had troops in six continents
France
also had troops scattered around the globe, but had much less territory than Britain.
Others:
the United States (Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philipines Hawaii, and Panama); Russia (central Asia); Germany and Italy (minor holdings in Africa); Portugal (small holdings Africa and Asia); Japan (involved in China, North Korea, and Pacific Islands); Netherlands (small holdings in South America and Asia) Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8
When did it happen?
In the
late 1800s
especially the last quarter of that century
Some argue that different forms of imperialism continue todaySlide9
Why did it happen?
“The very diversity of the empires of the great powers in itself suggests that a multi-causal explanation of imperialism is more appropriate than a reliance on simple universal economic forces.”Slide10
Why did it happen?
Economic Forces
“New
I
mperialism” started after the industrial revolution and was both promoted and aided by its development.
The need for
raw materials that were not available domesticallyThe need for new markets to sell industrial productsThe industrial revolution also played a major role in the era of “new imperialism” by providing what one historian has called the “tools of empire”: steam boats, quinine (a remedy for malaria); the Gatling and the maxim gun (machine guns); breechloader rifles; telegraph cable.Slide11
Why did it happen?
Social-Darwinism
Based Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution presented in his book On the Origin of Species (1859
)
Provided the rational of
“survival of the fittest”
and “might makes right”“The simplistic concept of ‘survival of the fittest’ could be used to justify the right of ‘superior races’ to lord it over indigenous societies in Africa and Asia. Similarly, the application of pseudo-Darwinist ideas to relations between nations called for policies which served the ‘struggle for existence.’”Slide12Slide13
Why did it happen?
“White Man’s Burden”
This title from a Rudyard Kipling poem refers to the
duty of “white men” to spread civilization
to “new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil, and half-child.”Slide14
Why did it happen?
“Irrational Nationalism”
“By relating imperial expansion to great power rivalries, historians… have emphasized the role of prestige in an era when
colonial empires came to be regarded as status symbols
….”Slide15
Why did it happen?
Strategic and National Interests
Concern of governments for secure trading routes like those through the Suez Canal and around the Cape of Good Hope
Concerns over naval power, sea lanes, and ports
Alfred Thayer Mahan’s
The Influence of
Seapower Upon History (1890) argued “that the greatness of empires rest on the potency of their seapower. Trading posts and Free Trade“Open Door Policy” in ChinaSlide16
Why did it happen?
Missionaries
Only six major missionary societies operated in Africa by 1800, mostly in coastal regions.
By 1880, there were thirty-seven, many of which had penetrated deep into the continent.
They came
to fight against slavery and to “save souls.”
“Besides preaching the gospel, converting people to Christianity, and translating the Bible into various African languages, these missionary societies promoted agriculture; taught such skills as carpentry, printing, and tailoring; and promoted trade, literacy, and Western education.” Slide17
Why did it happen?
Missionaries
Helped lay the groundwork for later imperialism by
mapping
inner portions of the continent,
establishing connections, and promoting more contact.
David LivingstoneExplored southern AfricaFirst European to traverse the continent. After Livingstone fell ill with Malaria, he lost contact with the outside world fore several year, and Henry Morton Stanley, and explorer and newspaper writer, was sent to find him. Slide18
Why did it happen?
Missionaries
“The greatest social impact on the missionary revolution by 1880… was the further stratification of African societies into a relatively small Christian educated elite….”
Slide19
Why did it happen?
Adventure
For many people who enlisted in armies, imperialism was about adventure and proving one’s
masculinity
.Slide20
Why does it matter?
The extraction of material wealth from Africa following the previous extraction of human beings may help to explain the
current struggles in Africa
.
Imperial rivalries
created tensions between European powers and may explain the beginning of the First World War.
Anti-imperialist movements led to military struggles for liberation in the twentieth century (Vietnam and India for example).Destabilization continental populations Slide21