The Civil War The War of Northern Aggression The War for Southern Independence The War Between the States The War of Rebellion The Confederate States of America 1861 States Rights Advantages ID: 678377
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Slide1
A Nation Torn Apart
The Civil War & Reconstruction Era, 1845-1877Slide2Slide3
The Civil War
The War of Northern Aggression
The War for Southern IndependenceThe War Between the StatesThe War of RebellionSlide4
The Confederate States of America, 1861
State’s Rights
Advantages:
1. King Cotton (???)
2. Motivation
3. Military Tradition
4. Outstanding Generals
Strategy:
Defend the South
Take D.C.Slide5
The Union, 1776
Border
States
Advantages
Factories
Manpower
Railroads & Telegraph
Lincoln
Strategy:
The Anaconda Plan (Thanks to “old fuss &
feathers”)
Naval Blockade, Control the Mississippi River, Capture RichmondThe Civil War The 90 day war that lasted 4 years.Slide6Slide7
Lincoln’s Politics:
Usurping the Constitution
Inauguration: Preserve the Union at all cost
Emergency Powers--With Congress not in session until July, Lincoln assumed all powers not delegated in the Constitution$$$-- to fund military spendingBlockade of the CSASuspension of
Freedom of Press--Newspapers—obstructing the war effortthe Writ of Habeas CorpusReasonable Cause
No person shall be
held to answer for
a
…
crime
, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury,
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public dangerSlide8
The Draft
“A Rich Man’s War, a Poor Man’s Fight” Increase the size of the military
Martial law as neededEnlarge the army by 75,000 menConscription Laws Passed Union (1863) & Confederacy (1862) New York Draft Riots74 killed over 3 days
Troops that had just defeated Lee at Gettysburg are called in to maintain order
Election of 1864
Supervised voting in border states
As a ResultSlide9
Northern Economic Boom
Congress increase excise tax on tobacco and alcohol
The Morrill Tariff Act, 1861 (R)
Income tax for the first timeRise of IndustrySewing Machine, Reaper, “59ers”
Legislation passed without Southern oppositionHomestead Act (1862) Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
National Banking Act (1863)
I need shoes and a blanket.
I need weapons & munitions.
War: Music to my ears.
I’m
headin
’ to Utah!Slide10
Southern Economic Collapse
Cotton Diplomacy, 1861
Self-imposed embargo;
Hoped to negate tariffBelieved GB & France relied on King Cotton GB more heavily relied on food stuffs (wheat) from North & West—refused to directly support CSA
Ultimately strangled by blockade—tobacco & cotton unable to profitably be exportedSouth forced to a
recycle economy
i.e. rails from old RR line to reinstall on another
Not a single rifle manufacturer in South
Inflation would increase 9000%!!!
Salt was the only means to preserve meat at this time. Its price increased from 65¢ for a 200 pound bag in May 1861 to $60 per sack only 18 months later!Slide11
Prometheus Bound
Peter Paul Rubens, 1611-1612
The Failure of Cotton Diplomacy
Document AnalysisSlide12
The Early War
Advantage: The Confederacy
Bull Run (aka Manassas)Forts Henry & DonelsonShilohNew OrleansSeven Days Battle2nd
Bull RunAntietam: The Turning Point
July 21, 1861
February, 1862
April 25
June 25-July 1
August
September 17
April 6-7
A Union corporal found a copy of Lee's special orders wrapped around three cigars; McClellan refused to act because he thought Lee's troops outnumbered his own. When McClellan started deploying his troops on September 16, he had 60,000 active soldiers and 15,000 in reserve. Had he thrust his complete force against the Confederates on September 15 or 16, he might have smashed Lee's army. In the end, 22,000 casualties, 12,000 within 5 hours!Slide13
Yell like banshees from hell.
"if you claim you heard it and weren't scared that means you never heard it"Slide14
Battle of Antietam
, single bloodiest day in American history. Union Victory, significant effect on the course of the war!!!!Slide15
Politics & Culture
Great
Britain
"that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
After Antietam, Lincoln changes the course of the war.
Confiscation Acts
,
1861 & 1862Slide16
The Union Takes Control
Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address, Nov. 1863VicksburgFall of the Deep SouthSherman’s March to the SeaAtlanta burned, November ’64Election of 1864 vs. CopperheadsSavannah for Lincoln’s Christmas
Appomattox Court HouseLee Surrenders; War EndsGenerous surrender terms
July 1-3, 1863
January-July 4, 1863
July 28-September 1, 1864
April 9, 1865Slide17Slide18
Women at War
Nurses:
Clara Barton &
Dorthea Dix
Spies:Wild Rose
O’Neale
Mary Livermore: Soldiers
Don’t forget the ladies!
Farmers
Teachers Factories
“Government Girls”
Dr. Elizabeth BlackwellSlide19
Role of
African-Americans
"
Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letters U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pockets, and there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right of citizenship in the United States.“--Frederick Douglass
NY Draft Riots, 1863The War Department issued General Order 143 on May 22, 1863,
creating the United States Colored Troops. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10 percent of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army, and another 19,000 served in the Navy.
54
th
Massachusetts Infantry
Colonel Robert Shaw
Sergeant William Carney
Charles & Lewis DouglassSlide20
Colonel Robert Shaw died at age 26 at Fort Wagner.
The veterans of the 54
th
at the dedication ceremony.
T
he 54
th
Slide21
“With malice toward none, with charity for all”
Lincoln’s 2nd
Inaugural Address
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.Slide22Slide23
Assassination of a President, April 14, 1865
Oy
! My leg!
Oh, and
Sic Semper Tyranis! Slide24
The President’s Reconstruction
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
(1863)Conservative Republicans, DemocratsIndividuals rebelled, not statesCan extend pardons10% of state swore an oath of allegiance to Union, people received pardon & could create a Union loyal government
Wade-Davis Bill—Radical Republicans (1864)50% loyaltyPocket VetoedJohnson’s AdditionsRestoration Program10% Plan andDeclare actions illegal
Ratify the 13th amendmentDisenfranchised CSA officers, officials, planter eliteProblems?As a result of the leniency of the 10% Plan, states reelect congressmen like Alexander Stephens, GA, former VP
Passage of the Black Codes, rise of the KKK
Anti-aristocrat more than pro-black
$20,000
Pardons most CSA officials!Slide25
Reconstruction:
No Amicable Resolution
The Black Codes, est. 1865Slide26
The Black Codes (1865-66)
(slave codes were before the CW)
borrowed elements from the antebellum slave laws and from the laws of the northern states used to regulate free blacks.
incorporated morality clauses based on antebellum slave laws into Black Code labor laws. a morality clause was used to make it crime for laborers to use offensive language in the presence of their employers
ordinance banning free blacks from immigrating into the state.Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts began in 1866-67, and with the passage of the
Fourteenth Amendment
& Civil Rights legislation.
defined the term
“person of color.”
prevented blacks from voting, holding office, or serving on juries.
they prevented blacks from serving in state militias.
mandated for poor, unemployed persons (usually blacks) be arrested for vagrancy or bound as apprentices.
mandated and regulated labor contracts between whites and free blacks. prohibited interracial marriages between whites and blacks. Though the statutory lives of the Black Codes were short-lived, they are significant in that they served as precursors to the Jim Crow Laws. Slide27
Military Reconstruction Acts, 1867
Ends Johnsons’ Plan
Combines 10 Confederate states (TN exempt) into 5 military districtsDisenfranchised CSA supporters, Loyalists—including AA—voting rightsSlide28
Congress’ Reconstruction
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Supported by Radical Republicans
Stevens, Sumner, &
the Radical Republicans Lincoln pocket veto’s the Wade-Davis Bill
Freedman’s Bureau
(General Oliver
Howard
)
Military distribution of food, supplies, etc to the poor (whites and former slaves)
40 acres & a mule
EDUCATION!! Majority are illiterate.
Civil Rights Act, 1866Invalidates the Black CodesGrants Blacks citizenship and equal protection of the law (property, equal in court)AJ veto’s but Congress overrides—the first of many14th amendment required majority swear allegiance Ratify 13th Amendment deny political rights to leaders of the CSASupport the 13th and destroy the plantation class of the South!!Charles Sumner Returns!Lasted until 1870Thaddeus CharlesRadical Republicans mandate the ratification of the 14
th to join the Union…and want to give blacks the right to vote to maintain power. Slide29
Impeachment of Johnson
Military Reconstruction Acts, 1867
Follow CRAEnds Johnsons’ PlanCombines 10 Confederate states (TN exempt) into 5 military districtsDisenfranchised CSA supporters, Loyalists—including AA—voting rights15th Amendment
Social Impact?KKK, founded in 1866Enforcement Acts (1870-1871)
Force Acts, 1870 & 1871 – stop the intimidation of the KKK, 1st legislation of its kindScalawags & CarpetbaggersRedeemer government of Reconstruction, southern democrats who gain political power from the “corrupt” republican government
Command of Army Act
Tenure of Office Act
Impeachment of King Andy I
Fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, law mandated senate approval of removal of cabinet members
Free Citizens Vote
13
th
14th15th Slide30
End of Reconstruction $$$$
Election of 1876Tilden is 1 electoral vote shy of majority
NY GovernorWho decides election?Super committee8 Republicans, 7 DemocratsCompromise of 1877Democrats give Hayes the votes to win on the condition he removes all troops from the South
Why does this end Reconstruction?Return of Black Codes, renamed Jim Crow, implementation of Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clause, etc.Slide31
Ex Parte Milligan (1866)
Facts of the Case:
Lamden P. Milligan was sentenced to death by a military commission in Indiana during the Civil War; He had engaged in acts of disloyalty. (spied for the Confederacy)Milligan sought release through habeas corpus from a federal court.
Question: Does a civil court have jurisdiction over a military tribunal?Conclusion: trials of civilians by presidentially created military commissions are unconstitutional. Martial law cannot exist where the civil courts are operating.
Why is the ruling a potential problem for Radical Republicans?Slide32Slide33Slide34
Social Reconstruction