ADOLESCENT OBESITY: SIGNIFICANT OF IMPROVING SCHOOL NUTRITION STANDARD FOR OUR CHILDREN - PowerPoint Presentation

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ADOLESCENT OBESITY: SIGNIFICANT OF IMPROVING SCHOOL NUTRITION STANDARD FOR OUR CHILDREN BY OMOLARA OBATOLA MPH STUDENT WALDEN UNIVERISTYPUBH 6165-5 INSTRUCTOR: Dr. PATRICK TSCHIDASUMMER QUARTER, 2011Slide2

LEARNING OBJECTIVESBY the end this presentation, the reader will be able to To understand define obesityUnderstand the significant of adolescent obesityWhat are the impact of obesity in adolescent What are the preventive methodsHow can the school food nutrition program can eliminate adolescent obesityHow the parent, and the school community can eliminate the barriers to healthy good nutrition.Slide3

WHAT IS OBESITY Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat. In clinical terms, it is defined as an ingestion of more calories than what the body can use over a period of time that become accumulated and result in body fat. Wieland et al support this definition of obesity saying “obesity is generally defined as the abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat in the adipose tissue

to the extent that health may be impaired” (Wieland et al, 2004

).Slide4

WHAT IS OBESITY CONT’DThe authors also made a point in which I support; they said that it is not easy to determine when the level of adipose tissue become too risky for health (Wieland et al, 2004).Whenever obesity is mentioned, overweight and body index mass is always mentioned as well. Although obesity and overweight are closely related in terms of what they means, but they are define differently, while obesity is an accumulation of body fat, “overweight is generally defined as weight that exceeds

the

threshold of a criterion standard or reference value” (Kuczmarski et al, 2000). Slide5

WHAT IS OBESITY CONT’DThat is a food for thought for all health care providers and public health profession as a whole. Obesity is a society problem, therefore it is our problem too as public health professionals.We need to implement tools that will be easy to use so that we can all work together to eradicate this obesity issueSlide6

PREVALENCE OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY Although obesity and overweight is a concern for the whole population but it is more rampant among the adolescentSlide7

PREVALENCE OF ADOLESCENT OBESITY CONT’DThe prevalence of adolescent is very high in our population today, and if not treated properly it will extend to adulthood which might lead to many disease and possibly death. Tsiros et al, mentioned that “

adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of obesity, and adolescent

weight

tracks strongly into adulthood” (

Tsiros

et al, 2008

).

The

sole purpose of public health is to prevent diseases

and

to educate the public to live

healthy,

and because

of

the high prevalence, it is public health concern.The prevalence of adolescence obesity is high to the extent that,

it

was the main focus for the first lady of United State of America Mrs. Michelle Obama to

embark on first by creating a program to reduce or possibly eradicate the prevalence of adolescent obesity. Slide8

FACTORS THAT IMPACT ADOLESCENT OBESITYFactors that impact adolescent obesity include behavioral, Psychological, and environmental factors.Adolescent obesity if not well treated when young and it extend to adulthood, it can lead to “petentially life-threatening complications including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, and arthritis (

Mokdad

et al, 2003), and substantial

reductions

in life (Fontaine et al, 2003

).

The objective of public health is to implement program

that

will educate the public to live an healthy life, therefore educating adolescent about obesity is

part

of the program as well.Slide9

BEHAVIORAL IMPACTWhen most young people understand that they are obese, they start to manifest certain behaviors like spending more hours watching television, they will become conscious of their weight especially among friends by being very uncomfortable, and their self-esteem will begin to decrease. Sedentary behaviors because they are encouraged around the world by

modern lifestyles; as a result, many

adolescent are surrounded with

overeating, especially

eating

unhealthy

and fatty foods.

They

are not encourage to eat healthy foods because they find it

difficult

to cook, and probably have learn such behavior from their

parent.

Most parents

that are tired after working long

hours, therefore they will rather buy fast food home to their children, and this become an habit that lead to obesity in themselves and their

children.Slide10

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTAdolescent who are affected with obesity manifest depression, sadness, anger, and overeating. Depression is a very typical sign that usually first manifest when an adolescent realize that he or she is obese. Some of the obese adolescent manifest this sign because that is the only way they think they can show how unhappy they are with their state of health rather than expressing sadness. They

become

dissatisfy

with

their

body and just

continue

the habit of overeating and sometimes binge

eating.Slide11

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTEnvironmental manifestation of adolescent obesity includes occupation, family status, living status, and association. The environment that one grow up in usually determine one’s way of life. For instance a child that grow up in family that don’t cook healthy food, and depend on take out order from fast food restaurant, have a high percentage of growing to live like that unless he or

she learn to change the habit to an healthy

one.

The school food environment also is known to

impact

adolescent obesity also because it is the believe that “schools had been unfairly targeted

as

the cause of adolescent obesity” (

Nollen

et. al., 2007). Slide12

SCHOOL NUTRITION STANDARD AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTAccording to CDC, “given the number of hours children spend at school, the school environment can have a significant influence on children's diets” (CDC, 2009).It has also been proven through studies that “greater access to less nutritious foods and beverages at school is associated with an increased intake of total calories, soft drinks, total fat, and saturated fat; an increased body mass index; and a decreased intake of fruits, vegetables, milk, and key vitamins and

minerals

” (CDC, 2009).

Findings

of CDC's 2008 School Health Profiles Survey (Profiles),

shows that fewer

secondary schools in the United States sold less nutritious foods and beverages in vending machines, school stores, canteens, and snack bars in 2008 than in 2006 (CDC, 2009).Slide13

SCHOOL NUTRITION STANDARD AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONT’DMany schools lack nutritional standard because “foods and beverages offered or sold in schools outside of U.S. Department of Agriculture school meal programs are not subject to federal nutrition standards (1) and generally are of lower nutritional quality than foods and beverages served in the meal programs” (CDC, 2009). Slide14

PREVENTIVE METHODSThere are many ways to prevent adolescent obesity which include surgical procedure, pharmacotherapy, dietary intervention, and increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviors, combined lifestyle approaches and psychological intervention to achieve behavior change.The most important preventive method I will focus on is how to improve school nutrition and how it can be implemented.To improve this , there has to be cooperation between parent and school community in other to get positive resultSlide15

HOW TO IMPROVE SCHOOL NUTRITION STANDARDAlthough there has been program and education to improve nutritional program in school, but it needs to be increased, and well implemented too. Center for Disease Control and Prevention mentioned that “a key policy solution includes establishing strong nutrition standards for competitive foods and beverages that restrict availability of low -nutrient, energy-dense foods” (CDC, 2009). They went further to advice that “if competitive foods are available during the school day, they should consist primarily of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nonfat and low-fat milk products, as recommended by the Institute of

Medicine” (CDC, 2009).Slide16

HOW TO IMPROVE SCHOOL NUTRITION STANDARD CONT’DThe report from the United State General Accounting office (GAO), states that “students may need more exposure to nutrition education to effect positive changes in their behavior, and most students have

to

foods of little nutritional value, such

as soft

drinks and candy, at school

”

(GAO, 2003

).

I agree with this statement because with education, the student can learn the purpose of eating is to quench hunger, and it is very important to eat healthy food to help them grow healthy rather than obese. Slide17

LIMITATIONS IN IMPROVING SCHOOL NUTIRON STANDARDDespite every effort to improve school nutrition standard to encourage healthy eating habit, there are barriers to the program which can affect the program from being implemented properly in schools. Some of the barrier are limited time to teach student nutrition class because the school curriculum does not permit more classes to be added, and more time are spent on meeting the academicals standard.GAO also noted that “officials noted that overcoming barriers required strong and persevering leadership” (GAO, 2003).I believe to strongly implement this program effectively, the cooperative effort of the parent and the school community is needed.Slide18

LIMITATIONS IN IMPROVING SCHOOL NUTIRON STANDARD CONT’DMany teachers from different schools said that when healthier foods with lower fat content is introduce by the school food authorities, there is risk that students will not like the changes in the menu, and it result in student purchasing less from school food.Most of the “school food authorities operate their programs on

a break-even

financial basis, and student meal payments make up a

large part

of their revenue, a decrease in meals purchased can throw

their budget

out of

balance” (GAO, 2003).

Another barrier is the

fact that many school principals

and organizations depend on the money receive

from vending machines and

sales of

other

food, and beverages that may be of limited nutritional value because the funds are often used to pay

for special activities or items not covered in the school’s

budget (GAO, 2003).

In addition, “school food authority officials told us that to help manage their budgets, they have chosen to sell less healthful items in the cafeteria, in competition

with the USDA reimbursable

meals” (GAO, 2003).Slide19

REFERNCESCenter for Disease control and Prevention (CDC). (2009) Promoting Healthier Foods and Beverages In U.S. Schools. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/Features/SchoolNutrition/.Center for Disease control and Prevention (CDC). (2009). Availability of Less Nutritious Snack Foods and Beverages in Secondary Schools ---Selected States, 2002--2008. Retrieved June 22, 2001, from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm58e1005a1.htm?s_cid=mm58e1005a1_e.Fontaine K.R, Redden D.T, Wang C., Westfall A.O, and Allison D.B (2003). Years of life lost due to obesity . Journal of American Medical Association, vol 289 No. 2 pg 187-193.Kuczmarski

, Robert J and

Flegal

, Katherine M (2000). Criteria for definition of overweight in transition: background and recommendations for the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 72, No. 5, 1074-1081.

Mokdad

A.H, Ford E.S, Bowman B.A et al. (2003). Prevalence of obesity, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. Journal of American Medical Association,

vol

289 No.1

pg

76-79.Slide20

REFERENCES CONT’DNollen N.L, Befort C.A, Snow P., Daley C.M, Ellerbeck E.F, and Ahluwalia J.S,(2007). The school food environment and adolescent obesity: qualitative insights from high school pricinpals and food service personnel. International Journal of Behavior, Nutrition and Physical Act, 4-18.

Tsiros

, Margarita D., Sinn, Natalie, Coates, Alison M., Howe Peter R.C., and Buckley, Jonathan D. (2008). Treatment of adolescent overweight and obesity. European Journal of Pediatrics, 167: 9-16.

United States General Accounting Office (GAO). (2003, ). School Lunch: Efforts Needed to Improve Nutrition and Encourage Healthy Eating. Retrieved June 22, 2001, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03506.pdf.

Wieland

Kiess

, Marcus Claude, and

Wabitsch

, Martin (2004). Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence.

Karger

Publishers

Vol

9

pg

1.Slide21

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITEhttp://www.cdc.gov/Features/SchoolNutrition/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm58e1005a1.htm?s_cid=mm58e1005a1_ehttp://www.iom.edu/Reports/2007/Nutrition-Standards-for-Foods-in-Schools-Leading-the-Way-toward-Healthier-Youth.aspxhttp://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03506.pdf