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Maria  Anwer BB-11-01 AYUB KHAN REGIME Maria  Anwer BB-11-01 AYUB KHAN REGIME

Maria Anwer BB-11-01 AYUB KHAN REGIME - PowerPoint Presentation

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Maria Anwer BB-11-01 AYUB KHAN REGIME - PPT Presentation

19581969 Military Career A ppointed as the first Pakistani CommanderinChief of the Pakistan Army by Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 Promoted over several senior officers ID: 744631

ayub pakistan reforms khan pakistan ayub khan reforms government india 1965 economic war land industrial development investment president national

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Slide1
Slide2

Maria

Anwer

BB-11-01Slide3

AYUB KHAN REGIME

(1958-1969)Slide4

Military Career

A

ppointed

as the first Pakistani Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army by

Liaquat

Ali

Khan

in 1951.Promoted over several senior officers with distinguished careers.Became a powerful political figure within a short period of time.Slide5

End of the Democratic System

By 1958, the government of

Iskander

Mirza

was unpopular and the political situation was chaotic.

Between 1955 and 1958, five different prime ministers tried unsuccessfully to establish a stable government.

In East Pakistan, severe floods caused food shortages and great distress. People were in despair as Pakistan faced bankruptcy and chaos. To most Pakistanis and the rest of the world, the government seemed corrupt and inefficient. According to the Constitution, elections were to be held in 1958; politicians tried to win support by any means.

On

7 October 1958, martial law was declared by President

Iskander

Mirza

. Slide6

Ayub

Khan Taking Power

Ayub

Khan took the role of Chief Martial Law Administrator.

On

27 October, he removed

Iskander Mirza from office and exiled him to London. Ayub Khan took

on the office

of

President as well.

To his supporters, this event

was known as the ‘Glorious Revolution’.Slide7

Reforms Introduced By

Ayub

Khan

Political Reforms

Agricultural Reforms

Economic Reforms

Social Reforms and Educational Reforms

Foreign Policies, etc.Slide8

POLITICAL REFORMSSlide9

Public and Representative Office Disqualification

Act (PRODA)

The PRODA prescribed

fifteen years' exclusion from public office for those found guilty of corruption.

About 3,000 officials were dismissed and many other were reduced in rank as a result of these measures.Slide10

Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)

Passed in

August

1959.

S

pecial

tribunals

authorized to try former politicians for "misconduct," which was not clearly defined. 75 leaders were disqualified for 8 years.East Pakistani politicians primarily targeted from

the

Awami

League.

About 7,000 individuals were "EBDOed.". Slide11

Press And Publications Ordinance

Amended in 1960 to specify broad conditions under which

N

ewspapers

and other publications

could be closed

down.

Trade organizations, unions, and student groups were closely monitored and cautioned to avoid political activity.Imams at mosques were warned against including political matters in sermons.Slide12

1959 Basic Democracies

Introduction on 26 October 1959.

A four-tier system

which

would consist

ofSlide13

80,000

elected Basic Democrats would also form the Electoral College for the election of the President and members of the Central and Provincial

Legislatures.

F

irst

elections

were

held in January 1960 in which 40,000 Basic Democrats were elected in each province.On February 7 1960, 95% of the Basic Democrats elected Ayub Khan as the President of Pakistan.Slide14

1962

Constitution

Announced

on 1 March 1962.

Although

Ayub

Khan described it

as combining ‘democracy with discipline’.Its main features were presidential:The President nominated the Cabinet from the members of the National Assembly, but they would have to resign from the National Assembly if made ministers.Slide15

The President could not be removed unless impeached

.

The President nominated the heads of the judiciary and the provincial governors (who then nominated their Cabinets).

The

National Legislature could not pass a law without the approval of the President.

The

constitution shall be amended only by a two-thirds majority of the Assembly and assent of the president. If the president does not agree, it shall need a three-quarters majority. Even then, the president shall choose whether to dissolve the Assembly or call a referendum.Slide16
Slide17

Constitution 1962

Introduced

without debate and

Ayub

Khan brought

martial law to an end soon afterwards.

The new National Assembly met on 8 June 1962. It appeared that Pakistan was moving nearer to a democratic system, but actually, Ayub’s reforms had increased the powers of the ruling elite.Slide18

Criticism-Political Reforms

1962 Constitution

The Constitution

upset

the people of East Pakistan.

Various

steps were taken

for them:National languages-Urdu and Bengali.

The

National Assembly

Session-

Dhaka

and Islamabad.President and Speaker

of the National

Assembly.

Despite

these measures, the people of East Pakistan still believed that Pakistan was, in reality, government of East Pakistan by West Pakistan. Slide19

Insistence on the One Unit Scheme

This produced

instant reaction among the small provinces and regional parties of Bengal. T

hey

started agitation against

Ayub’s

regime to force him to dissolve One Unit.

A Controlled DemocracyThe National Assembly passed a number of controversial bills during its life.One bill, passed in June 1964, allowed the president to remain in office until a successor was found.The Electoral College Bill meant that an electoral college of 80,000 would be elected who in turn would elect the president.Slide20

Maimoona

Mailk

BB-11-22Slide21

AGRICULTURAL REFORMSSlide22

Agricultural Reforms

From

the very beginning, a few notable agricultural families had spread their tentacles in the political set-up of Pakistan.

In

the former West Pakistan, politics was dominated by a

few

wealthier

landowner families.Slide23

Land Reforms Commission

Appointed in October, 1958

Submitted its report within three months

Led to a number of reforms aimed at:

Eliminating

the monopoly of the big landowners and particularly the absentee landlords, in the politics

Providing

security for tenureProviding fairer distribution and ownership of landSlide24

Land Reforms

A

person could not own more than either 500 acres of canal irrigated land or 1000 acres of unrelated

land.

Utilization

of resumed area.

Creation of pool.

Jagirs.Protection to tenants.Proprietary rights for the tenants.Slide25

Effects

A

total of 2.5 million acres of land was

resumed

2.3

million areas of land was distributed to nearly 1.8 lakh peasants.

M

ovement started for voluntary reductions in individual ownership, encouraging creation of a strong middle-class of owner-operated farms of economic size.Some people benefited while the powerful landlords managed to hang on to most of their land holdings. Quite a bit of the land they gave up was actually very poor land that they were glad to get rid of!Slide26

Other Measures For Agriculture

Three

major dams were built to help irrigation.

The

Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP)

was set up.

Farmers

were also loaned money to build wells to reduce the need for canal irrigation.Slide27

Green Revolution

Growth in agriculture:Slide28

The

phenomenal increase in growth took place in two phases.Slide29

Phases Of Green Revolution

1. 1960-1965

M

ain

cause of the growth was the increase in irrigation facilities, mainly tube wells.

Between

1960-65, about 25,000 tube wells were installed, each costing R.s. 5000-12000 and the farm area serviced by tube wells doubled.Slide30

2. 1966-1970

G

rowth

took place mainly

because the

expanded irrigation facilities were supplemented by the technology package of

H

igh yielding varieties (HYV) seeds, Chemical fertilizers andPesticides.Slide31

Criticism-Green Revolution

Issues

of Tube wells

They

were highly regionalized

,

e.g. 91% of the 76,000 tube wells in 1968 were in Punjab.

Given the size and cost of tube wells, they were mainly installed by landowners with over 25 acres of land (70%).Poor and illiterate farmers could not take benefit of the credit policies offered by the ADBP to purchase and install tube wells.Slide32

2.

Issues

of

Tractorization

75

% of privately owned

tractors were

on farms that had sunk tube wells. 58%Slide33

3.

Regional

and Income Disparities

P

urchase

of tractors and access to credit were inaccessible to poorer

farmers

. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and south-eastern parts of Sindh had inadequate access to water and the HYV technology. Thus, regional disparities increased.So, the Green Revolution of Pakistan was produced by the farmers who owned between 50 and 100 acres, almost all of them in Punjab. The

Green Revolution has therefore been called and

Elite Farmer Strategy’

.Slide34

Criticism-Land Reforms

Almost

three-quarters of resumed land, at least in the Punjab, was uncultivated and untenanted. This meant that the amount of land available for redistribution was even more limited.

Landlord-tenant relations were left unchanged, to be governed by the tenancy acts passed in the early fifties and to be supervised by the revenue service.Slide35

Sana

Irum

BB-11-23Slide36

ECONOMIC REFORMSSlide37

1) Industrial Reforms

Economic

development was a priority for

Ayub

Khan

.

H

e recruited able economists and advisers, many of whom had been trained in the USA. So successful were his policies that businessmen and leaders around the world began to praise the ‘Pakistan Miracle’. Slide38

In February 1959, the Government announced a new industrial policy of

“gradual liberalization of economy”

to pave way for smooth industrial growth.

M

ain

emphasis

on

the utilization of raw materials available in the country to benefit small and medium scale industries. The extreme bureaucratic restraints were removed by a more market-oriented approach. Slide39

Establishment

of Financial and Development Corporations

 

Pakistan

Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC)

was

set up with a capital of R.s 1 billion

.It was put in charge to promote the following industries: Jute Paper-board and newsprint Heavy engineering

Fertilizers

Sugar

Cement

Textiles, etc.Slide40

Industrial

Trading Estates

Four

new estates for small industries were established in

Bahawalpur,

Gujarat,

Larkana

and

Peshawar

This helped in the process of industrialization by handling the initial difficulties faced by new industrialists.Slide41

Price

Stability

In October 1958, the government took several measures to check inflation.

Price Controls

Price controls covering a large number of consumer goods and industrial raw materials were imposed.

These measures led to a fall in prices and improvement in supply position of a large number of articles.

They relaxed

the control over industrial investment and trade.

Moreover, the government removed the constraints on profit margin and prices.Slide42

Other Measures

G

overnment

borrowing

for

financing fiscal deficits was reduced sharply.

Efforts to broaden the direct taxation system kept the indirect taxation to minimum and hence prices of goods remained stable.

Needs of additional defence spending were met by additional taxation.

Therefore, the

average

annual rate of growth of prices was only 3.3%.Slide43

Investment

Promotion Bureau

S

et up in

April 1959

.

T

o attract foreign investment for the establishment of new industries To provide guidance to industrialists and investors.To solve problems of foreign investors in the matter finding

land,

water, power,

etc

.Industrial legislation was introduced to facilitate the growth of industry with minimum government interference. Therefore, this led to encouragement of private enterprise. Slide44

Other

Measures Related To Industry

Supply

of credit

Credit was liberally provided to the industrial sector by both the commercial banks &

the specialized

credit institutions, e.g.

Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan (IDBP).

National Investment trust was set-up to attract small saving into industrial investment.Slide45

Foreign Aid and Loans

Loans were taken from more industrialized western countries, particularly the USA, Germany and the UK.

These played

a dominant role in

the industrial

and economic development of Pakistan

.

Without that aid, the remarkable growth in that era could not be possible. Slide46

Investments

New

industries were given tax

holidays. This led

to the inflow of

capital (from 13.20

Million in 1956 to 26.28 Million in

1966).Private investment growth in West Pakistan during 1960-1965 increased over three folds.It declined over by 20% in next five years but still during the 1960’s, real private fixed investment more than doubled, grew faster than public investment, and accounted for nearly half of the total fixed investment by 1969-1970.

Political stability

,

liberalization of investment controls

and

ample availability of foreign exchange were key factors influencing a pronounced acceleration in the pace of private investment. The increase in investment contributed to an increase in economic growth naturally.Slide47

Water and Power Investments

Total water and power investments in West Pakistan during the

1960’s,

including

the, exceeded

US $2.5 Billion and accounted for more than 50% of total public sector spending

.Slide48

Unification of Domestic Markets

Domestic markets were unified so that the finished goods could travel easily from one place to another.

In 1962, an

oil refinery

was established in Karachi.

A

Mineral Development Corporation

was set up in 1962, for the exploration of mineral deposits.In 1964, an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey, the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) in which the three countries agreed to develop ties in trade, commerce and industry.Slide49

TRADE REFORMSSlide50

Trade Policy

Introduced

in

1959.

Focus on

indirect controls on imports

and on

domestic prices of other goods. A number of measures were taken on import licensing that made market forces more important in determining the ownerships of import licenses.Slide51

Export

Bonus Scheme

I

ntroduced

in

1959

.

A flexible and fascinating device which was used both to subsidize exports and to allow a safety valve on imports, while maintaining the basic structure of import controls and the

official exchange rate at its existing level.

Over

1959-64, total imports increased much more rapidly than exports or GNP, and the composition of imports continued to shift towards the import of capital goods and processed intermediate goods.Slide52

Open

General Licensing Scheme

A

llowed

newcomers to enter the trading sector.

A

large amount of foreign exchange was allocated to the OGL, and the new traders made substantial profits and gains from possessing import licenses.Slide53

Free

List

Permitted

the import of certain goods without any license.

The

Free List was extended over time from

four

items to fifty

in 1964.Slide54

CRITICISM- ECONOMIC

REFORMS

Widened

the gap between the two wings of the country and gave rise to educational and class inequalities.

Criticism

Of

Industrial Reforms

Disagreements exist over the nature and

consequences

of those growth rates and over the

interpretation of the economic policies

.

Increasing disparities existed in regional income.Real wages failed to increase significantly.Industrial economic power was concentrated in only few hands (22 families controlling 66% of the country’s industrial assets).Slide55

Criticism Of Trade Reforms

The

rise in exports of processed goods was at the expense of the raw materials that would otherwise have been exported.

Some

exports may have taken place even if this scheme had not been introduced.

M

any

exporters sold their goods in the foreign market at lower prices, sometimes even below cost, since they calculated their return in Rupees in which terms the loss could be made up by the sale of bonus vouchers. Slide56

More than 40% of the imports of the government were financed by the foreign aid component, which was 6% of GDP in 1964/5.

W

hen

aid was severely curtailed after June 1965, the government had to abandon its liberal import policy and felt it necessary to

reimpose

a number of import controls

.

The Free List was reduced from sixty-six items in 1964 to fourteen in 1969 and to eleven in 1971. There was also a cut in the licensable list.Slide57

Zahra

Nasir

BB-11-66Slide58

SOCIAL REFORMSSlide59

Action

against Hoarding, Black Markets and Smuggling

With

many shortages of goods, s

ome

goods were hoarded so that the price would rise and they could be sold at a bigger profit.

Tough

action brought down prices. Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests were made.Slide60

Fixation

of the prices of essential foods

Shortly

after taking power, the government fixed the price of

milk

,

vegetables

and ghee to

stop traders from making too much profit at the expense of the people.Slide61

New

Housing Developments

A

new and enthusiastic minister for Rehabilitation, lieutenant- General

Azam

Khan,

started tackling

the refugee problems. A massive new housing development at Korangi provided new homes for refugees living in Karachi. 75,000 refugees were settled in newly built dwellings near Karachi.

L

aws

were passed that factory owners had to provide accommodation for their workers at a reasonable rent.Slide62

Marriage

and Divorce Laws

In

1961, the

Muslim Family Laws Ordinance

helped improve the position of women.

Divorce

by simple repudiation was no longer allowed. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a court. Further marriages also had to be approved by a court.

The

minimum age for marriage was set at 16 for women and 18 for

men.

T

he grandson of a pre-deceased son was allowed to inherit the property of his grandfather.An important step towards improving women rights.Slide63

Measures

to control population

In

1955 a legal commission was set up to suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws.

I

n 1961,

Family

Laws Ordinance issued.A Family Planning Program was set up which was largely funded by American loans.

The government used radio, cinema, newspapers, posters and leaflets to persuade Pakistanis to limit the size of their families.Slide64

Health

Facilities

Medical

facilities were also improved.

More

medical and nursing training schools were set up.

This

was to increase the number of well-trained doctors and nurses in the country.Slide65

Modernization

Of Islam

In

1962, the term

Islamic Republic

was dropped in favor of simply

Republic of Pakistan.An Advisory Council f Islamic Ideology

was set up to advise

Ayub

Khan as to whether or not policies and laws were acceptable on Muslim principles.

The

Ayub government set up an Ulema Academy in Lahore. It was an attempt by the government to modernize the ulama and religious leadership in the country. Slide66

CRITISISM- SOCIAL

REFORMS

The

biggest policy failure in the

Ayub

era was in the social area.

The

Family Planning Program had limited impact on birth rate because the health workers themselves were illiterate and the program became prone to corruption. It was also criticized by the religious sections of the society.The laws introduced for improving the status of women in the society also were unable to change the patriarchal society of Pakistan and they were also resisted by the ulemas

.Slide67

The religious sections of the society severely resisted the modernization agenda.

There

was an increasing inequality in urban

incomes. The

share of wages and salaries in net output fell suggesting an increase in the share of profits.

Wages

did not increase despite improvement in labor productivity which was due to serious limits on the powers of labor union

.Slide68

Aasia

Yasmeen

BB-11-59Slide69

EDUCATIONAL

R

EFORMSSlide70

EDUCATIONAL

REFORMS

After the

Report

of the Commission on National Education

which

identified the importance of education as an investment in national growth:Education up to Class V was made free and compulsory.

Secondary education boards were set up to oversee secondary schooling up to Class XII.

A new curriculum for schools was drawn up and it was suggested that new textbooks should be published.Slide71

An extensive literacy program was started, building new schools and colleges.

Technical education was made mandatory.

University degree courses were extended from two to three years.

Progress was made to improve scientific education and research.

Civil Defense training was made mandatory in the schools and colleges.Slide72

Criticism-Educational Reforms

The

Second Plan set target of increasing primary school enrolment ratio in West Pakistan to 56% in 1965 but the ratio improved only to 36% because the population growth rate had been seriously underestimated.

The Third Plan again set a target of raising enrolment to 70% but the actual expenditures on education were much lower because of lower

resources.

F

emale

education was given low priority in West Pakistan by the governing elite and social attitudes who did not favor educating women. The urban bias in education was intensified. Slide73

NEW CAPITALSlide74

NEW

CAPITAL

Ayub’s

government decided to build a new

capital because

:

Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it to be equally distributed. Karachi was located at one end of the country and could be easily attacked from the Arabian Sea. A capital which was easily accessible from all parts of the country was needed.Karachi, a business center, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.Slide75

Construction

was started in October 1961.

The

city came into life on 26 October 1966 when the first office building of Islamabad was occupied.

In

1967,

Islamabad

was officially made the capital. It is a modern and carefully planned city.Slide76

Criticism- New

capital

The

change was yet another cause of discontent in East Pakistan. They preferred other sites for the national capital

in

their part of the country.

Building Islamabad cost a great deal of money at a time when many Pakistanis were expecting shortages.

It was claimed that Ayub Khan’s friends in the army and in the industry were making fortunes out of land speculation in the new city.Slide77

RELATIONS OF PAKISTAN WITH THE EXTERNAL WORLDSlide78

1

)

RELATIONS

WITH USA

In 1958, General

Ayub

Khan stated that

we are “the most allied ally” of the United States”. This shows that during this era Pakistan became more pro-west. Ayub Khan believed that Pakistan could not make progress unless the Kashmir problem was solved, which was not possible without the help of the Western Bloc. On

the other side the United States aims were to help Pakistan and to maintain her independence in an area threatened by communism.Slide79

Defense

for

Bilateral Cooperation

.

Signed by Pakistan and USA on

5th

March.

According to this agreement, USA agreed to cooperate with Pakistan to deal with its security threats and requirements.USA

was promoting its national interest by

maintaining the

independence

of

Pakistan. USA also declared that any attack on Pakistan would be considered as attack on America. This alliance upgraded defense of Pakistan against all aggression including the possible threat from India.Slide80

Relations After 1959

In

1962, China and India went to war. As China was communist, the USA immediately sent military aid to help India fight. This move offended the Pakistan

government.

In 1962,

Ayub

Khan visited China and in 1965, the Soviet Union. These visits displeased the USA.

During the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, the USA joined the UK in an arms embargo on both countries. As the Pakistan army was almost entirely dependent on the USA for supplies and training, the embargo was far more damaging to it than to India.Slide81

D

espite

these incidents,

Ayub

Khan was generally considered the

architect of good relations

between the USA and Pakistan.

He allowed the Americans to build air bases in Pakistan.He also remained loyal to the USA during the highly embarrassing ‘U2 Affair’ on 1 May 1960, when an American spy plane had taken off from Peshawar and had been shot down over Soviet territory.Slide82

Sadaf

Akram

BB-11-41Slide83

2

) RELATIONS

WITH

INDIA

Indus-Water

TreatyIndia controlled the head works of the pre-partition irrigation canals.

Pakistan feared that India might repeat a 1948 incident that curtailed the water supply as a means of coercion.

The

Indus Waters Treaty of

1960, backed

by the World Bank and the United States, finally found favor with Ayub Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru.Slide84

The

agreement also

detailed

transitional

arrangements

,

new

irrigation and hydroelectric power works, and the waterlogging and salinity problems in Pakistan's Punjab.

The

Indus Basin Development Fund

was also established.Slide85

INDO-PAK

WAR 1965

Ayub

Khan had to deal with the war between India and Pakistan that took place in 1965, which caused further problems for his regime.

Pre-War

Escalation

After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the leadership of General

Ayub

Khan, believed the Indian Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir.Slide86

Pakistan started Operation

Gibraltar. The Pakistani infiltrators were soon

discovered and

the operation ended in a complete failure

.

On 5 August 1965 around 30,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals

.

By the end of August, however, both sides had relative progress.Slide87

India

crossed the International Border on the Western front on 6 September, marking an official beginning of the war.

A heroic

defence

by the troops in and near Lahore prevented it form being captured by the Indian troops

.

After three weeks of fighting, peace was achieved on 23 September by the intervention of the great

powers. Slide88

Tashkent

Declaration

The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

A

meeting was held between Indian Prime Minister

Lal

Bahadur Shastri and

Ayub

Khan, in

Tashkent in the Uzbek SSR, USSR (now in Uzbekistan

) from 4 January to 10 January 1966.The conference was viewed as a great success but it compelled Pakistan and India to restore their national boundary and the 1949 ceasefire line in Kashmir. This eventually led to dissatisfaction and protests against the

Ayub

Khan

leadership.Slide89

3) RELATIONS

WITH THE

SOVIET

UNION

During

the

Ayub

Khan Regime, relations deteriorated and improved again due to several events.

In May 1960, relations reached a low point when a spy plane form the US base in Peshawar was shot down over the Soviet Union. The Pakistan government denied any knowledge of the American spying, but the Soviet government did not accept this.

However, relations improved gradually after 1960.Slide90

In

1961, the Soviets agreed

to begin exploring for oil in Pakistan.

In

1963,

the Soviet government loaned

Pakistan 11 million pounds and it shifted from its previous open support for India over Kashmir to a neutral stance.

In April 1965, Ayub Khan paid an official visit to the Soviet Union and further agreements on trade and oil exploration were reached.In January 1966, the Soviet Union hosted a peace conference between India and Pakistan at Tashkent. In 1968, when the Americans decided to close their airbase at Peshawar, the Soviet Union began to supply arms to Pakistan.However, at this point, relations with the Soviet Union worsened. The Soviet Government was not happy with the fact that Pakistan was accepting aid and arms from the USA as well from the Soviet Union.Slide91

4)

RELATIONS

WITH CHINA

Relations

with China improved greatly during the

Ayub

Khan Regime.

In 1962, Ayub

Khan visited

China, increasing friendship.

In March 1963,

talks between China and Pakistan to

settle their border dipute were successfully completed. In the settlement, the Chinese made more concessions to Pakistan than the

Pakistanis.

I

n

1963, Pakistan and China

announced

a series of trade agreements. China grated Pakistan a $60 million interest free loan and soon became the world’s largest purchaser of

Pakistani

cotton

.Slide92

In August 1963,

PIA

began regular flights to China, which helped to increase movement and trade between the two countries.

In 1964, China made a statement supporting Pakistan’s policy in Kashmir. In return, Pakistan supported China’s entry into the UN.

During the 1965 war with India, China supplied military aid to Pakistan and applied diplomatic pressure on India to prevent it from attacking Pakistani positions.Slide93

5) REALTIONS

WITH

BRITAIN

Relations

with Britain got strained during the

Ayub

Khan Regime when the British government made it clear that it did not feel bound through membership of the SEATO and CENTO pacts to support Pakistan in the 1965 war against India.

However, Britain played an important role during the 1965 tensions by engineering the agreement to resolve the diputes

. The

final agreement was signed by Pakistan at the Commonwealth Conference in London during June 1965.

Pakistan

appreciated the fact that Britain had criticized India for crossing the international boundary on 6 September 1965, a criticism which had created uproar in India

.Slide94

AYUB

KHAN’S FOREIGN POLICY-CONCLUSION

Ayub

Khan wanted

to develop balanced relations with all

the major

powers.

But his cultivation of China angered the US, which was providing more than 50% of Pakistan’s foreign aid.

At

a time when his foreign policy and foreign aid were in crisis,

Ayub

Khan plunged Pakistan into t

he Indo-Pak War of 1965 which ended with grave consequences for Pakistan. The US ended all military and economic aid. After the war, economic aid was restored at a lower level but the ban on military aid continued.Moreover, the war increased the socio-economic

problems that had already

started

due to

Ayub’s

policies.

Therefore,

Ayub

Khan was not very successful in his foreign policy.Slide95

Nida

Javed

BB-11-32Slide96

ELECTIONS

1965

Background

Elections for the Presidency were to take place in January 1965.

Ayub

Khan was nominated by a new party, the Convention Muslim League, which he had helped form.

The opposition parties all agreed to

support

Mohtarma

Fatima Jinnah.Slide97

Results

The opposition claimed

that the voting had been rigged.

There

were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20 people were killed. Slide98

POLITICAL

UNREST AND THE DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN

After

the 1965 war with India which had been provoked by

Ayub’s

government,

Ayub

told the people that Pakistan had won the war, but the Tashkent Treaty contained no reference to how the Kashmir issue should be solved. Ayub Khan sacked the Foreign Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who he blamed for the failings of the war. Bhutto now became a focal point for opposition to

Ayub

.Slide99

DECADE

OF DEVELOPMENT

By

November 1968,

Ayub

Khan had become immensely unpopular with the masses.

The

politicians and officials close to Ayub Khan suggested that a ‘A Decade of Development’ should be celebrated.

The

main purpose behind the celebration was to attract people’s attention towards the achievements of his time in office by declaring his

regime,

‘A Decade of Development’

.Slide100

Achievements

During

the 1960s, the average annual growth rate was over 7%, which meant that gross national wealth quadrupled in ten years.

The economy was not just growing twice as well, it was also growing three times faster than that of India or any other country in South Asia.

During 1960-65,

manufacturing output grew at

11.5% per annum.

During the same period, people’s incomes went up by an average of 14%.Therefore, many international economic experts believed that Pakistan had finally managed to stop the circle of poverty.Slide101

CRITICISM- DECADE

OF DEVELOPMENT

The

various reforms which he had initiated bounced back and did not work as he had foreseen.

In 1968, the chief economist in the Planning Commission of Pakistan revealed that only 22 industrial families were controlling

66% of the country’s industrial assets

and

80% of its insurance and banking services. This image proved politically very damaging to Ayub Khan.

Most of the new wealth was concentrated in West Pakistan which provided a pretext for the hostility to flare up in East Pakistan.

Planning

and development efforts

increased public

sector investment rate in East Pakistan more than that of West Pakistan but private investment continued to lag behind substantially.Slide102

Many Pakistanis saw little improvement in their standard of living.

Most

of the benefits went directly to those directly involved as owners, investors or managers in the businesses that were expanding.

Due to one of the highest population growth rates in the world, 2.2%:Slide103

People were angry that millions of rupees were spent on the celebrations of the Decade of Development for one whole year, at a time when they were experiencing economic difficulties.

The

Third Year Plan also could not be implemented as taxes were increased, prices went up and there were many shortages.

Therefore, the

‘Decade of Development’

is also referred to as the

‘Controversial Sixties’

.Slide104

DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN

The

celebrations of the Decade of Development led to further riots and protests.

Bhutto’s

Pakistan

People’s

Party(1967)

and Mujib-ur-Rehman’s Awami League became a serious threat to the President’s authority.

When

Ayub

Khan carried out widespread arrests, including Bhutto, there were more protests, which spread to East Pakistan

.

On a visit to Peshawar, Ayub Khan became the target of a failed assassination attempt.Throughout 1968, the protests and riots were impossible to stop. In October 1968, there were student protests all over Pakistan. Bhutto had captured the public mood in West Pakistan with his campaign for ‘Islamic Socialism’.

In January 1969, eight of the opposing parties formed the

Democratic Action Committee.

They wanted proper elections, the lifting of emergency powers and autonomy for East Pakistan.Slide105

On 17 February 1969,

Ayub

Khan withdrew the emergency powers and released many political

prisoners.

But

he had done too little too late

.

The opposition rapidly gained support while he and his party lost it.By March, Ayub Khan realized that he did not have enough support to stay in power. On 25 March 1969, he resigned. But he did not call for new elections to choose the new President. Instead, he handed over power to the army and for the second time in its short history, Pakistan experienced martial law.Slide106

Maria

Anwer

BB-11-01Slide107

CONCLUSIONS

D

ramatic

turnaround in investment and growth in both East and West Pakistan.

Serious disruption

by the 1965 war with India.

High

dependence on foreign aid.

Concentration

mostly

in

West Pakistan

.Growing economic disparity and insufficient political participation.Slide108

Despite

these economic policy failures and accusations of presiding over a regime run on ‘crony capitalism’, the

Ayub

era was an exceptionally successful period of economic management and a ‘success’ by whatever criteria were available at that time to measure success.Slide109

RECOMMENDATIONS

M

ore

democratic

institutions.

The

Constitution should also have given more power to democracy.Proper system of check and balance of the private institutions.Quality control

,

provision

of infrastructure

like communications and energy, and

direct incentives to exporters. Slide110

More

attention to the low-income

sector.

Alterations

to the modernization

policy.

Effective land

reforms.Credit more accessible to the poor farmers.No war against India.No rigging in elections.Slide111

REFERENCES

Books

and Articles

Pakistan-A Historical And Contemporary Look By

Farooq

Naseem

Bajwa.Introduction To Pakistan Studies By M. Ikram Rabbani

The History and Culture of Pakistan By Nigel Kelly

Pakistan-History, Culture and Government By Nigel Smith

Issues In Pakistan Economy By S. Akbar

Zaidi

The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Implications by Robert E. EvensonForced Modernization and Public Policy: A Case Study of Ayub Khan Era (1958-69) By Sarfraz Husain Ansari

Web Sites

http://www.brecorder.com/

http://herald.dawn.com/

http://storyofpakistan.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/

http://www.academia.edu/

http://countrystudies.us/

http://www.infoplease.com/

http://www.google.com/Slide112

Any Queries?Slide113

Thank you For Your Attention!