The Early Years - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Early Years

Deaf Heritage and EducationSlide2

Before 1816

No schools for the Deaf People tried to start schools but they all closed Slide3

1817

Connecticut Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons opened

Serviced deaf students from all over the country

Changed the name to the American Asylum

Still open todaySlide4

Deaf Education in America 1818-1823

1818: New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb. Later became New York School for the Deaf

1820: Pennsylvania Institution in Philadelphia opened

1823: Kentucky School in Danville opened. First state supported school. Slide5

John Jacobs

Hired as a teacher of the deaf at the Kentucky school, but didn’t know how to teach and was only 18 years old!

Had a desire to work with deaf people

Rode his horse to Connecticut where Gallaudet and

Clerc

mentored him and taught him how to sign

Worked as a teacher for many years in Kentucky and later became superintendentSlide6

1851

Gallaudet died but left an indelible mark on deaf education that is still evident today.

15 other programs for deaf children were established

Many of the programs used the teaching methods that Gallaudet established Slide7

Deaf Education Teachers

Laurent Clerc was the first deaf teacher of the deaf

By 1850, 36 percent of all teachers of the deaf were deaf people.

By 1858, 40.8 percent were deaf. Slide8

Growth of Oralism

Oralism is a philosophy that does not support the use of deaf teachers or the use of sign language

Since the growth of

oralism

there have been fewer and fewer deaf teachers

Currently, only 13.6 of all teachers of the deaf are deaf.Slide9

Civil War Years

Many schools for the deaf had to close during the civil war years.

Many of their buildings were seized by the Union or Confederate Army

The Tennessee School even became a hospital and is now a National Landmark

The Kentucky School for the Deaf remained open during the war because superintendent John Jacobs told the officers from both armies that they would have to teach the deaf kids if they moved into the school

John Jacobs died during battle while fighting for the Union ArmySlide10

Tragedy from Miscommunication

During the Civil War in North Carolina a 55-year-old deaf man was out walking one day and a solider saw him

The solider called out to him and when he didn’t hear the soldier's commands, the solider killed him.Slide11

Cows in the Basement

John Jacobs allowed farmers to house their cows in the basement of the Kentucky School.

Stories have it that as soldiers walked by the Kentucky School and heard the cows mooing they thought they could hear speech classes for the deaf. Slide12

Oral Education in America

Teaching of speech was not emphasized in the early years of deaf education.

John

Engelsman

M

oved from Germany and believed in teaching deaf children without signs.

He started The New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes. It was the first pure oral school for the deaf in the United States.

After 10 years his school educated 110 students and needed more room, so they moved to Lexington Avenue.

The school is still in existence and is now known as the Lexington School for the Deaf.Slide13

Oral Education Cont.

Gardiner Hubbard

1864: Spoke to the Massachusetts Legislature and asked them to help him establish an oral school for the deaf in Mass.

Set up a small school for deaf children in Chelmsford, Massachusetts and named it the Clarke School for the Deaf.

The Clarke School for the Deaf was a pure oral school and it is still open today and still oral without the use of any sign. Slide14

The Natural Method

System using only speech and speech-reading

Supported by Gardiner Hubbard and

Engelsman

The National Association for the Deaf called it “The German Method”

The first state school to become totally oral was The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf in Mount Airy