18891916 What was Progressivism An effort to impose order amp justice on society that was approaching chaos What created the chaos Rapid industrialization Urbanization Immigration Laissez faire ID: 374049
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Slide1
The Progressives
1889-1916Slide2
What was Progressivism?
An effort to impose order & justice on society that was approaching chaos
What created the chaos?
Rapid industrialization
Urbanization
Immigration
Laissez faireSlide3
Who were the Progressives?
White Protestants
African Americans
Middle class
College-educated professionals
Scholars, writers
Politicians
Union leadersSlide4
What did Progressives believe?
Society was capable of improvement
Growth and advancement were the nation’s destiny
What didn’t work?
Laissez faire
Social Darwinism
Direct, purposeful human intervention in social and economic affairs was essential
GOVT ACTION NEEDED!Slide5
Progressives wanted MILD reforms. They were NOT RADICALSSlide6
Varieties of Progressivism
Antimonopoly
Fear of concentrated power
Urge to limit/disperse authority & wealth
Social cohesion
We are part of a great social web
Each person’s welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole
Faith in Knowledge
Applying the principles of natural and social sciences to society
Knowledge can make society equitable and humane
Modernized
govt
must play important roleSlide7
Charles Beard: The Progressive Historian
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
(1913)
Greed and self interest (NOT divine inspiration) influenced the founders
Constitution could be changed to meet new circumstancesSlide8
The Muckrakers
Crusading journalists
Exposed scandal, corruption and injustice
Targets:
Trusts
Political machines
FactoriesSlide9
The Social Gospel
Social Justice
Justice for all of society
Egalitarian society
Support for the poor and oppressed
ppl
American Protestant movement
Social justice and sacrifice should be foundation of society
Salvation Army
Fusion of religion and reformSlide10
The Social Gospel
Charles Sheldon:
In His Steps
(1898); “What would Jesus do?”
Walter Rauschenbusch: all
ppl
should work toward creating the Kingdom of God on Earth
Father John A. Ryan: expand Catholic social welfare organizationsSlide11
Settlement House Movement
Influence of the environment on the individual
Crowded immigrant neighborhoods
Staffed by educated middle class teaching middle class values
Young college women
Social workSlide12
The Allure of Expertise
Enlightened experts should run
govt
and economy
Scientists and engineers
Thorstein
VeblenSlide13
The Professions
New middle class emerges
Industries: managers, technicians, accountants
Cities: commercial, medical, legal, educational services
New technology: scientists, engineers
Requires schools and teachers to train them
Education and individual accomplishments
Women in the “helping” professionsSlide14
The Professions
Created professional organizations
Why?
Set up standards to secure position
Lend prestige to profession
Keep #’s down to ensure high demand
AMA (1901); medical schools
Bar associations; law schools
Chamber of Commerce (1912); schools of businessSlide15
Women and ReformSlide16
The “New Woman”
Vast majority of income-producing work outside of the home
Children going to school earlier & longer
Technological innovations impact the home
Families are smaller
Living longer
Some shun marriage
Divorce rates increaseSlide17
The Clubwomen
Women’s clubs
First social but then concerned w/ social betterment
Non-partisan (Remember, couldn’t vote)
Middle to upper class women (clubs had $$)
Allowed women to create a public space for themselves w/o threatening male dominated society
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) (1903)
Join unions, support strikes, picket lines, bail money
African Americans excludedSlide18Slide19
Women & Social Justice
NY Women’s Trade Union League & Intl. Ladies Garment Workers Union
1909: 50 hour workweek, wage increases, preferential hiring for union members
1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (NY)
146 female workers killed;
avg
age 19
Reformers, union leaders, women’s groups, politicians from Tammany Hall
Machine politicians &
progressive reformers
Laws regulating fire safety, equipment, wages and hours for women and childrenSlide20Slide21
19
th
Amendment provides full suffrage to women in all the states, 1920.Slide22
Woman Suffrage
R
adical idea: it was a “natural right”
Led to a powerful anti-suffrage movement; a threat to the “natural order”
Looseness, promiscuity, divorce, child neglect
20
th
Century
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Justify suffrage in a “safer” waySlide23
NAWSA Rhetoric
Not challenging the separate sphere
Because they ARE mothers, wives and homemakers
Bring special experiences and sensitivities to public life
Would help temperance movement (largest supporter)
Would help war become a thing of the past
Conservative Argument
If blacks, immigrants and other undesirables have the vote, then…educated “well-born” women shouldSlide24
Suffrage Timeline
1848: Seneca Falls
1890: Wyoming
1910: Washington
1911: CA
1913: IL (1
st
state east of Miss. River)
1919: 39 states
1920: 19
th
Amendment
Alice Paul: Not enough; Equal Rights AmendmentSlide25Slide26Slide27
Controlling the Masses: Prohibition
1873: Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Francis Willard
1890s: Anti-Saloon League
Local level: isolate “wet” areas
State level: Use of direct democracy
1913: Lobby for Amendment
Impact of entry into WWI
1919: 18
th
Amendment Slide28
Controlling the Masses: Immigration RestrictionSlide29
Eugenics
Immigration polluting the nation’s racial stock
Carnegie Foundation: turn eugenics into a method for altering human reproduction
Races and ethnic groups graded
Sterilization
1916: “The Passing of the Great Race” (Madison Grant)
Dillingham CommissionSlide30
Supporters of EugenicsSlide31
The Assault on the PartiesSlide32
Reforming the City
Muckrakers role
Middle class blamed
machine politicians
saloon owners
brothel keepers
businessmen connected to political machinesSlide33
City
Commissioner Plan
Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government. For example, the sanitation commissioner would be in charge of garbage and sewage removal.
City Manager
Plan
A professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council.
City ReformsSlide34
New Forms of Governance
1900: Galveston, TX tidal wave
Commission Plan
1908: Staunton, VA
City-Manager Plan
Plans promotes efficiency/undermines patronage of machine
Old system benefitted the working class; new ones were controlled by new professionalsSlide35
New Forms of Governance
Non-partisan mayoral elections
Mayoral elections moved to off-election years
Ward (neighborhood) elections switched to citywide electionsSlide36
Progressive Mayors
Hazen
Pingree
(Detroit): 1889-96
Samuel Jones (Toledo); 1897-1903
Tom Johnson (Cleveland); 1901-09Slide37
Recall
Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.
Initiative
Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.
Referendum
Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.
Ensures that voters select candidates to run for office, rather than party bosses.
State Reforms
Secret Ballot
Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.
Direct PrimarySlide38
Statehouse Progressivism: Power to the People
Legislatures also boss-controlled
2 important innovations
Initiative
Referendum
Limit power of party and improve quality of elected officials
Direct Primary
Recall
Restricted lobbying, campaign contributions
Workmen’s compensation
Widows’ w/ dependent children pensionSlide39
Robert La Follette
& the Laboratory of Democracy
Wisconsin governor, Senator
Direct primaries, initiatives and referendums
Regulated RRs and utilities
Workers’ compensation
Inheritance tax
Increased taxes on RRs and businessSlide40
Parties and Interest Groups
Decline of party of influence
Voter turnout decreases
Why?
Secret ballot
Illiteracy among immigrants
Interest groups
17
th
Amendment: Direct election of SenatorsSlide41
Thomas Nast was the artist for
Harper's Weekly
in the late
1800s
.
Father of American Caricature."
Nast's campaign against New York City's political boss William Tweed is legendary
Nast's cartoons depicted Tweed as a sleazy criminal
Tweed was known to say,
"Stop them damn pictures. I don't care what the papers write about me. My constituents can't read. But, damn it, they can see the pictures."
THOMAS NASTSlide42Slide43
Social Tensions in an Age of ReformSlide44
African Americans and Reform
Contradiction b/w progressive rhetoric and their conscious discrimination
Fearful of interracial alliance under populism
1890s south: Jim Crow, voter restrictions
Mississippi Gov. James
VardamanSlide45
Booker T. Washington
Atlanta Compromise
Self-improvement first
Equality later
By turn of century: challenge to Washington and structure of race relationsSlide46
W.E.B. Du Bois
Harvard grad
1903
: Souls of Black Folk
Trade school vs. university education
Fight for civil rights; don
’
t wait for white to rescue them
1905: Niagara Movement
1909: NAACPSlide47
NAACP Successes
NAACP attorneys
1915: Guinn v United States
Grandfather clause unconstitutional
1917: Buchanan v Worley
Residential segregation unconstitutionalSlide48
Lynching
NAACP wanted federal law against lynching
Ida Wells
NACW
Women’s Convention of the National Baptist ChurchSlide49
Challenging the Capitalist Order
Radical ReformersSlide50
The Dream of Socialism
Radicalism: 1900-14
Socialist Party of America
Eugene Debs
Urban workers, intellectuals, tenant farmers
1,200 public offices; 79 mayors in 24 states
Public ownership of utilities, 8
hr
workday, pensionsSlide51
Limitations of Socialism
Need for basic structural changes in economy
Differed in extent of those changes and the tactics necessary to achieve them
Allow small-scale private enterprise but nationalize major industries
Electoral politics vs. direct militant action
Moderates dominated (workers’ comp and min. wage)
Opposed WWI; hurt the
PArtySlide52
The “Wobblies”
Industrial Workers of the World (1905)
Utopian state run by workers
Blacks, immigrants and women; unskilled labor
Rejected political action; favored general strikes
Uncompromising
1917 timber strike
William “Big Bill” HaywoodSlide53Slide54
But most progressives believed capitalist system could be reformed from withinSlide55
Reformers pushed for the government to play an active role in planning and regulating economic lifeSUPERVISION, CONTROL and
REGULATIONSlide56
McKinley Assassinated!
Sept. 14, 1901Slide57
Theodore RooseveltSlide58
Harvard: 1876-1880Slide59
NY Assemblyman: 1882-4Slide60
North Dakota Rancher: 1884-6Slide61
US Civil Service Commissioner: 1889-95Slide62
NYC Police Commissioner: 1895-7Slide63
Assistant Secretary, US Navy: 1897-8Slide64
Rough Rider: 1898 Slide65
NY Governor: 1898-1900Slide66
Vice President: 1901
Republican Party leaders thought that the vice presidency would be a political dead endSlide67
President 1901-1909Slide68
“The unscrupulous rich man who seeks to exploit and oppress those who are less well off is in spirit not opposed to, BUT IDENTITCAL WITH, the unscrupulous poor man who desires to plunder and oppress those who are better off.”Slide69
A “Square Deal”Controlling corporationsConsumer protectionConservation of natural resourcesSlide70
Roosevelt’s Vision of Federal Power
Govt
should have power to investigate the activities of corporations and publicize the results
1903:
Dept
of Commerce and Labor
1903: Elkins Act
Illegal for RRs to give or shippers to receive rebates
1906: Hepburn Act
Increased power of ICC
Oversee RR ratesSlide71
TR as Trust Buster
Centralization was a fact of modern life
“good” vs. “bad” trusts
J.P. Morgan’s Northern Securities Company
“Send your man to my man and they can fix it up.”
1904: Supreme Court decisionSlide72
“Square Deal” for Labor
1902: Anthracite Coal Strike in PA (May through Oct.)
20% wage increase; 8 hour day, recognition of union
TR supported workers; owners refused to compromise
TR threatened to send in 10k fed. Troops to seize the mines and resume work.
Workers got: 10% wage increase, 9 hour day BUT no union recognitionSlide73
Caring for the Consumer
1906: Meat Inspection Act
Federal inspection of meat
The Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act
Crime to sell adulterated food or medicine
Correct and complete labeling of ingredientsSlide74
Roosevelt and Conservation
Used executives powers to restrict private development on
govt
land
1907: conservatives restricted his authority over public lands; he just seized all forests in public domain before bill became law
Conservationist
Promoted policies to protect land for careful MANGAGED DEVELOPMENT
1902: Newlands ActSlide75
Roosevelt and Preservation
Naturalists
John Muir and the Sierra Club
Added to the National Park SystemSlide76Slide77
Hetch
Hetchy
ControversySlide78Slide79
The Panic of 1907
Bank run and recession blamed on TR’s “mad” economic policy
J.P. Morgan to the rescue
US Steel purchased Tennessee Coal and Iron Co.
TR promises to look the other way
Crisis averted
Republican conservatives couldn’t stand TRSlide80
TR and Taft
1904 promise
Taft: trusted ally of TR
Progressives loved him
Easily defeat Bryan in 1908 election
Too lazy and introverted
Status quo
Lacked personalitySlide81
Taft as Trustbuster
90 lawsuits in 4 years
Compared to TR’s 44 in 7.5 years
1911: Supreme Court breaks up Standard Oil
1911: Taft brings suit against US Steel for its purchase of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co
TR upsetSlide82
Taft and the Progressives
Tariff
Progressives: deep cuts to the “Mother of Trusts”
1909: Payne-Aldrich Bill; betrayal
Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute
Taft replaces Sec. of Interior w/ corporate lawyer Ballinger
Ballinger accused of turning over public coal land to company for personal profit
Pinchot went to Taft; Taft said nothing wrong
Pinchot goes public and gets firedSlide83Slide84
Theodore Roosevelt at
Osawatomie, KS:
New Nationalism
Big business requires big government.Slide85
Is TR’s hat in the ring?
Antitrust lawsuit against US Steel in Oct. 1911
Robert La
Follette’s
nervous breakdown in Feb 1912
Announces candidacy in Feb. 1912