Dr Doug Cairns 2 14 For the Next Few Slides Basic Physics of Flight Whats happening during a flight Rule of Thumb airplane design 2 15 Basic Forces Lift Weight Drag Thrust Trim ID: 547865
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Slide1
Introduction to Aerospace – Historical Perspective
Dr. Doug CairnsSlide2Slide3Slide4Slide5Slide6Slide7Slide8Slide9Slide10Slide11Slide12Slide13Slide14
2-14
For the Next Few Slides
Basic Physics of Flight
What’s happening during a flight
Rule of Thumb
airplane
designSlide15
2-15
Basic Forces
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
TrimSlide16
2-16
What’s in Weight?
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
Payload
Fuel
Airplane
Operating
Empty
Weight (OEW)
Reserves
Operating items
Systems
Propulsion
Landing Gear
Body
Wing & Tails
Food, Supplies
Navigate, control and support life
Generate force to move airplane
Support airplane on the ground
Enclose the payload
Provide lift
Paying Passengers and CargoSlide17
2-17
Weight changes during the flight.
Payload
Fuel
Reserves
Operating items
Systems
Propulsion
Landing Gear
Body
Wing & Tails
Food, Supplies
Navigate, control & support life
Generate force to move airplane
Support airplane on the ground
Enclose the payload
Provide lift
Payload
Fuel
Operating empty weight
End of flight
Start of Flight
Burn off fuelSlide18
2-18
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
How do you make Lift?
Bernoulli:
“The faster the air flows over the surface, the lower the pressure air exerts on the surface.”Slide19
2-19
How to Change Lift
Since Lift is about the same as weight and weight changes, then must be able to change lift.
Increase lift by
increasing the tilt of the wing
increasing the speed of the airplane (actually speed squared)
decreasing the altitude of the airplane above the ground.Slide20
2-20
But there are Limits to Lift
Lift
Airfoil Tilt Angle
“Stall”
The flow no longer can stay attached to the upper surface. Slide21
2-21
Ways around the Limits to Lift
Lift
Airfoil Tilt Angle
“Slats”
“Slats & Flaps”Slide22
2-22
Wings are made up of airfoils
Airfoil
WingSlide23
2-23
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
A propeller produces thrust like a wing produces lift except:
The propeller is a wing rotated 90 degrees
The speed over the airfoil comes from rotating the prop.
How to create ThrustSlide24
2-24
How does a jet engine produce thrust?
Propeller (“compressors”)
Propeller (“turbines”)
Fuel Burned
(
Generates
high speed air)
Thrust
A jet engine “sucks, squeezes, burns and blows.”Slide25
2-25
What is “Drag”?
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
Skin Friction
Excrescence
Induced
“Pressure”
Lift and Span
Aerodynamic details
Smoothness
Outside surface area
Due to the
influence
of an airfoil on those outboard of it
Due to the rapid growth of the boundary layer
Due to roughness, gaps & antennas
Due to the friction in the boundary layer next to the skin to the air flowing over the skin.Slide26
2-26
What & Why Trim?
Lift
Weight
Drag
Thrust
Trim
Trim comes from a wing like surface mounted on the back of the airplane
To change the tilt of the airplane
increase down load - airplane nose goes up
decrease down load - airplane nose goes downSlide27
2-27
Airplane Controls
Flaps
Spoilers
Aileron
Rudder
Elevators
Slats
Fin
Stabilizer (Tail)Slide28
2-28
Airplane Stability
Lift
Weight
A stable system
A stable airplane
Move the ball away from the bottom and it returns to the bottom
Because ball’s center of gravity is above the bottom of the bucket
Move the nose of the airplane up and the airplane’s nose will come back down.
Because airplane’s center of lift is aft of the center of weightSlide29
2-29
How does an airplane turn?
It banks.
Lift
WeightSlide30
2-30
Why do airplanes have rudders?
To balance an inoperative engine and crosswinds.Slide31
2-31
Design Envelope
Takeoff and Landing Distances
Fatigue
Brake Capability
Engine out takeoff
Stall Margins
Pressurization
Speed margins
System redundancy
Flutter
Situation Awareness
Structural Strength marginsSlide32
The Plane that Taught America to Fly
Note: Dr. Cairns has around 100 hrs in this make and type, over 200 hours in similar type aircraftSlide33
We will have an opportunity to crawl around one of These!Slide34
The Greatest Fighter Aircraft Ever(according to the Military Channel)Slide35
The Funny Looking X29(forward swept wing for better maneuverability) Slide36Slide37Slide38Slide39Slide40Slide41Slide42Slide43Slide44Slide45Slide46Slide47Slide48Slide49Slide50Slide51Slide52Slide53Slide54