THE E UROP EANS The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

THE EUROPEANSSlide2

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

A pictorial or graphical representation of the earth or part of the earth that gives details.

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

1. MAPSlide3

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLSSlide4

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

An instrument whose magnetized metal needle aligns itself with the magnetic fields of the earth. This causes one end of the needle to point north. Mariners used this information to navigate the ship.

NAVIGATIONAL

TOOLS

2

. COMPASSSlide5

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLSSlide6

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

An early sixteenth-century instrument for measuring the altitude of a heavenly body. It consists of a square shaft and a sliding cross-piece set at right angles to the shaft.

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

3. CROSS STAFFSlide7

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

The shaft end is held at the observer's eye and the cross-piece positioned to line up with the sun and the horizon. The cross-piece marks a point on the shaft that is referred to in a table of degrees and minutes.

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

3. CROSS STAFFSlide8

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLSSlide9

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

An early instrument for measuring altitude of celestial bodies, consisting of a 90° graduated arc with a movable radius for measuring angles.

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

4

. QUADRANTSlide10

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLSSlide11

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

This tool was once used to determine the altitude of the sun or other celestial bodies.

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

5

. ASTROLABESlide12

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLSSlide13

The following are tools or instruments that were used by early European explorers:

A navigational instrument which replaced the astrolabe and was used for measuring the angle between the horizon and the sun or a star in order to find out the latitude (of a ship).

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLS

6. SEXTANTSlide14

NAVIGATIONAL TOOLSSlide15

Grade: 9

Theme:

The Europeans

Topic: Factors motivating Europeans to explore and settle in the Caribbean up to the 17

th

century

Sub Topic:

Wind Systems and Ocean CurrentsSlide16

Apart from the use of navigational tools and weapons, wind systems and ocean currents influenced the life of early explorers.

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide17

Major

wind systems in the

Caribbean

that assisted with early European exploration include:

1. Trade Winds: -

For about 300 days of the year the Trade Winds blow into the Caribbean. Their strength is consistent and never more than 14 knots.

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide18

Major

wind systems in the

Caribbean

that assisted with early European exploration include: (Cont’d)

These Trade W

inds include:

a)

North

East Trade Winds

that blows from the direction of Europe into the Caribbean.

b)

South

East Trade Winds

that blows from the direction of Africa into the

Caribbean.

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide19

Major

wind systems in the

Caribbean

that assisted with early European exploration include: (Cont’d)

2.

Westerlies

: -

North

of the

Caribbean; and they

blow from West to East across the Atlantic.

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide20

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide21

How did these wind systems assisted explorers to sail to the Caribbean?

Wind systems and ocean currents

TRADE WINDS:

Sailors knew them as ‘fair weather winds’. The winds gave the ships the direction and force they needed to arrive safely in the Caribbean from

Europe.Slide22

How did these wind systems assisted explorers to sail to the Caribbean? (Cont’d)

Wind systems and ocean currents

WESTERLIES:

They

were the right winds to carry ships back to Europe from the New World.Slide23

Major

ocean currents

in the

Caribbean

that assisted with early European exploration include: 1.

South and North Equatorial Currents:

These flow in from the Atlantic. They then merge at the Lesser Antilles to form the

Caribbean Current

. They move between 5 knots and 8 knots and circle the Caribbean in a clockwise direction.

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide24

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide25

Major

ocean currents

in the

Caribbean

that assisted with early European exploration include: (Cont’d)2.

Gulf Stream:

Flows out of the Caribbean between Florida and Cuba; warm current moving at between 5 and 8 knots.

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide26

Wind systems and ocean currentsSlide27

How did these ocean currents assisted explorers to sail to the Caribbean?

Wind systems and ocean currents

NORTH AND SOUTH EQUATORIAL CURRENTS:

These currents made

east to west navigation of ships relatively easy. Slide28

How did these ocean currents assisted explorers to sail to the Caribbean? (Cont’d)

Wind systems and ocean currents

GULF STREAM CURRENTS:

these assisted

ships sailing back to Northern Europe from the Caribbean. Slide29

Ships used for Early Exploration:Two types of ships were

developed

:

small ships for exploration:

caravelsa shallow draft to chart unknown watersability to sail to windward (lateen sails)

small crew

cargo space for voyages of up to a year

larger ships for war and commerce:

carracks

high platforms at front and back from which to fire at opponents

armed with cannons

square sails for more sail area

large payload

SHIPS FOR EARLY EXPLORATIONSlide30

SHIPS FOR EARLY EXPLORATIONSlide31

SHIPS FOR EARLY EXPLORATIONSlide32

Ships used for Early Exploration:Galleons also started using portholes to allow guns to be mounted lower in the hull and not just on deck

.

This

made it possible to have more powerful guns which would not capsize the ship when fired.

The Galleon was a sound multi-purpose design.

War

ships would have cannons on all decks whereas a merchant might have one gun deck and use the others for cargo.

SHIPS FOR EARLY EXPLORATIONSlide33

SHIPS FOR EARLY EXPLORATION