Agenda 10 Catalyst 15 Review Biomolecules and Enzymes 15 Cloze Practice 30 Trashketball 15 Daily Quiz I can review the four classes of biomolecules and enzymes Catalyst Name 4 things that prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common ID: 706107
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WednesdayMay 24, 2017
Agenda(10) Catalyst(15) Review: Biomolecules and Enzymes(15) Cloze Practice(30) Trashketball(15) Daily Quiz
I can:review the four classes of biomolecules, and enzymes
CatalystName 4 things that prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common.What are 3 organelles that eukaryotes have that prokaryotes lack?What type of cell has circular DNA (plasmids)?
HW:
Biology Released Form (BRF) #19-27
135 Things
… (due June 2)Slide2
Biology Released FormSlide3
Biology Released FormSlide4
Biology Released FormSlide5
Biology Released FormSlide6
Biology Released FormSlide7
Biology Released FormSlide8
Biology Released FormSlide9
Biology Released FormSlide10
Biology Released FormSlide11
Big IdeaBy understanding the chemistry and molecules that make up life, we have deeper insight into how life functions. Slide12
MacromoleculesFour groups of molecules make up the building blocks of life. In general, they are called macromolecules (aka organic molecules aka biomolecules).
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
What do these structures all have in common?Slide13
MacromoleculesMacromolecules are formed by polymerization, in which large polymers are built by joining small subunits called monomers together.
monomers = subunits = building blocks of molecules
polymers = monomers joined up by polymerizationSlide14
CarbohydratesSlide15
Carbohydrate Structuremade up of C, H, and Opolysaccharides are polymers made up of monosaccharides, or simple sugarsSlide16
Carbohydrate Functionorganisms’ main source of immediate energystructural purposesSlide17
Carbohydrates, cont. the tough fiber found in plants is made up of the carb cellulose sugars end in –oseexamples of simple sugars:
complex sugars are called starchesSlide18
Detecting CarbohydratesSimple Sugarssimple sugars turn orange in the presence of Benedict’s solution
Starchesstarches turn deep purple in the presence of iodine, or Lugol’s solution
no carbs
carbs presentSlide19
LipidsSlide20
Lipid Structuremade up of C, H, and Omade up of glycerol and fatty acidslong chainsSlide21
Lipid Functionsmake up fats, oils, and waxesstore energy, makes up the cell membrane, and used in waterproof coverings
walrus blubber = lipids to store energy
waxy cuticle of leaf = lipids to repel waterSlide22
Detecting Lipids
brown paper bag testSlide23
ProteinsSlide24
Protein Structuremade up of C, H, O, Namino acid subunits form long polypeptide chainsover 20 different amino acids
an individual amino acidSlide25
Protein Functionthe most diverse macromoleculesvarious roles:speed up reactions (enzymes)form musclestransport substancesfight diseaseSlide26
Proteins, cont. hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cellsinsulin is a protein that regulates blood sugarSlide27
Protein DetectionBiuret’s solution turns from blue to light purple in the presence of proteinSlide28
Nucleic AcidsSlide29
Nucleic Acid Structuremade up of C, H, O, N, and Psubunits: nucleotidesnucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous baseSlide30
Nucleic Acid Functionstore and transmit hereditary informationSlide31
Nucleic Acids, cont.Two examples: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)Slide32
EnzymesEnzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions (to change one set of chemicals to another) by lowering their activation energy.
They have three important characteristics:they are specific to a substratethey work at an optimal pH and temperaturethey are reusable
Bio.4.1.3. Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.Slide33
Enzymes
enzymeenzyme-substrate complex
the substrate
is the molecule that the enzyme acts on the active site
is where the substrate molecule fits or binds
the enzyme works its magic on the substrate…
…and releases the new chemical
products
see how the enzyme and substrate fit together like a lock and key!Slide34
Activation Energy
Without an enzyme present, the reaction is slow and requires a lot of energy.
The enzyme lowers the energy required in the reaction and speeds it up.Slide35
Optimal pH and Temperature
Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH that they work at. You can find this optimal condition by looking at the tallest part of the hump in a graph of enzyme activity.
What’s the optimal temperature that this enzyme works at?
What happens if we go outside the optimal range? The enzyme DENATURES, or changes its folding/shape.Slide36
Low pH (0-7) is acidic
High pH (7-14) is basicpH = 7 is neutralpH LevelsSlide37
Review WorksheetSlide38
Trashketball!Slide39
Whiteboard QuestionHow can excessive heat affect the function of enzymes?Heat can increase the pH of enzymes.Heat can cause enzymes to become denatured.
Heat can cause enzymes to absorb carbon dioxide.Heat can produce more substrate for enzyme reactions.Slide40Slide41
Whiteboard QuestionAn enzyme works optimally at a pH between 2 and 4. Which best explains what will happen to this enzyme at a pH of 12?It will lose its original shape and work on new substrates.It will work on a different substrate than at a pH range of 2–4.
It will lose its original shape and not work on any substrate at all.It will work on the same substrate as it did at a pH range of 2–4, but it will not work as well.Slide42
During which process in the mitochondria is glucose converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? photosynthesis chemosynthesiscellular digestion
cellular respiration Slide43
Whiteboard QuestionWhich characteristic would least likely be used to describe an enzyme?It speeds up a reactionIt is consumed in the reaction
It reacts with a specific substrateIt reduced the activation energy of the reactionSlide44
Whiteboard PracticeSlide45
Whiteboard QuestionWhich is a carbohydrate?AmylaseCelluloseGlycerol
PolypeptideSlide46
Whiteboard QuestionWhich characteristic can best distinguish between two different proteins?the presence of nitrogen in the proteinsthe sequence of amino acids in the proteins
the number of amino acids found in the proteinsthe location of the peptide bonds in the proteinsSlide47
Whiteboard PracticeSlide48
Whiteboard QuestionWhich best describes the importance of carbohydrates to organisms?Carbohydrates provide storage for water molecules.
Carbohydrates provide an immediate energy source.Carbohydrates provide an additional source for amino acids.Carbohydrates provide permanent storage for genetic information.Slide49
Which experiment could be conducted to determine if baked potato chips have less fat than fried potato chips?Place potato chips in water and test the pHPlace potato chips on a paper bag and test for oil spots.Mix crushed potato chips with iodine to observe color change.
Mix crushed potato chips with Benedict’s solution to observe color change.
EndSlide50
What is the significance of nucleic acids for cells?They generate energy for the cell.They restrict what enters and leaves the cell.They support and maintain the shape of the cell.
They provide all instructions for cellular activities.
EndSlide51
Which is the best example of a monosaccharide, or simple sugar?StarchGlucoseCellulose
Glycogen
EndSlide52
Which best describes the role of hemoglobin in red blood cells?It hydrates human body tissues.It supplies support to human body tissues.It transports oxygen to human body tissues.
It increases the rate of reactions in body tissues.
EndSlide53
Which best describes the importance of carbohydrates to organisms?Carbohydrates provide storage for water molecules.Carbohydrates provide an immediate energy source.Carbohydrates provide an additional source for amino acids.
Carbohydrates provide permanent storage for genetic information.Slide54
Which are the building blocks of most lipid molecules?glucose and proteinglucose and fatty acidsfatty acids and glycerol
amino acids and glycerol
EndSlide55
Whiteboard PracticeSlide56
When a student drops a piece of liver into a beaker of hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles vigorously as the peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. However, if the student cooks the liver first, the reaction fails to occur. What is the best explanation for these results?Boiling the liver altered the shape of the enzyme in the liver so that it could not interact with the peroxide.
Heating the liver killed the germs that caused the bubbling reaction.Lower temperatures result in a higher rate of enzyme activity.Heating the liver removed the water and oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide.
EndSlide57
How are the transported molecules moved in active transport?Molecules are moved through the cytoplasm.Molecules are pumped into ribosomes within the cell.Molecules are pumped against their concentration gradient using energy.
Molecules are moved into the cell from areas of higher concentration without energy.
EndSlide58
Alpha-amylase, an enzyme present in saliva, breaks down starch. Which food does it help to digest?MilkCandySteakPotato
EndSlide59
Whiteboard PracticeSlide60
Which best explains why enzymes are important in biological systems?They hold all genetic information of a cell.They are necessary to maintain skin moisture.They accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.
They support structures to maintain body temperature.
EndSlide61
Thermophiles are prokaryotes that live in water that is almost boiling. How must they be different from other organisms?Their flagella beat in a fanning motion.Their genetic material is RNA instead of DNA.Their proteins do not denature at high temperatures.
They are able to maintain a cooler internal temperature.
EndSlide62
Which describes how the plasma membrane helps to maintain homeostasis?by allowing any substance to enter the cytoplasm of the cellby controlling the synthesis of proteins within the ribosomeby preventing all substances from entering or leaving the cell
by regulating the contents of the cell from the external and internal environmentsSlide63
Whiteboard PracticeSlide64
Most human enzymes operate under an optimal pH near neutral. Which pH range would best represent this environment?4-66-88-10
10-12
EndSlide65
Many people are lactose intolerant and cannot digest dairy products. What enzyme are their bodies most likely lacking?LipaseLactaseMaltase
Protease
EndSlide66
Whiteboard PracticeSlide67
Many enzymes in the human body function best at 37°C. What is the most likely result of a great increase in body temperature?Enzymes become hormones.Enzymes become denatured.Enzymes become more active.
Enzymes become more sluggish.
EndSlide68
Whiteboard PracticeSlide69
A single cell may contain several different types of enzymes. Which must occur for an enzyme to be able to catalyze a specific reaction?An enzyme must catalyze at least two different reactions.An enzyme must attach to a substrate like a lock in a key.An enzyme must react with the substrate that has the same composition as the enzyme itself.
An enzyme must react with the substrate that has the opposite composition as the enzyme itself.
End