PPT-Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Mimi Opkins CECS 100 Fall 2011 Problem Solving Logic The science of correct reasoning Reasoning The drawing of inferences or conclusions from known or assumed facts When solving a problem one must understand the question gather all pertinent facts analyze the problem ie compare with previous problems note similarities and differences perhaps use pictures or formulas to solve the problem. Deductive reasoning. , also . deductive logic. or . logical deduction. or, informally, . ". top-down. " logic. , is the process of . reasoning. from one or more . statements. (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. It differs from . Argument. Monty Python – Argument Clinic video. Monty Python. Premises + Conclusion = Argument. Argument – a group of statements including one or more premises and a conclusion. Premise – a statement in an argument that provides reason or support for the conclusion. TOK. Lecture 7: Ways of Knowing - Reason. Part 1: What is reasoning? And, how does it lead to knowledge?. What is reasoning?. A possible answer: reasoning is the mental processing of information.. But, not all mental processing. A Framework for Audience Analysis. Background. Logic has been a formal academic discipline for almost 2,500 years. The 4th century B.C.E. Greek philosopher Aristotle first systematized formal logic, and university logic courses teach Aristotelian logic to this day. For much of western history, logic was one of the main branches of schooling (the classical curriculum consisted of grammar, logic and rhetoric). With the growth of more specialized disciplines and wider curricula in the 20th century, formal logic got lost in the shuffle. In its place, philosophers began formulating courses in what we now call critical thinking, or informal logic. Formal rules and the reduction of sentences to things like. The other side of logic. Deduction . vs. Induction. Deduction – General to Specific. Induction – Specific to General. Inductive reasoning. Uses particular facts, common threads and ideas to draw a conclusion suggested by evidence. VS. . Inductive . Reasoning. Aristotle. . (Ancient Greek Philosopher). Start with a . premise. Premises lead to a . certain. conclusion. DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Sir Francis Bacon. (17. th. Century English Philosopher). Lecture Outline. Inductive Reasoning. Generalizations. Cause and Effect. Analogy. Deductive Reasoning. Syllogism. Enthymeme. Inductive Reasoning. Inductive Reasoning: Review. The process of citing a number of specific examples or . Culminating Activity . The Social Science Research Project. The Age of Enlightenment (16th to . 18th Centuries) saw the emergence . of a new way or thinking and . approaching the world and its . workings. The Scientific Revolution, . Thinking Mathematically. Objectives. Understand mathematical reasoning . Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning . Identify . arithmetic and geometric sequences . Thinking Mathematically. To form conjectures through inductive reasoning. To disprove a conjecture with a counterexample. To avoid fallacies of inductive reasoning. Example 1. You’re at school eating lunch. You ingest some air while eating, which causes you to belch. Afterward, you notice a number of students staring at you with disgust. You burp again, and looks of distaste greet your natural bodily function. You have similar experiences over the course of the next couple of days. Finally, you conclude that belching in public is socially unacceptable. The process that lead you to this conclusion is called. Validity/Soundness Logical . Fallicies. What is the difference between these two arguments?. I am your teacher.. Today is either a weekday or a weekend day.. Today is not a weekend day.. Today is a weekday.. To form conjectures through inductive reasoning. To disprove a conjecture with a counterexample. To avoid fallacies of inductive reasoning. Example 1. You’re at school eating lunch. You ingest some air while eating, which causes you to belch. Afterward, you notice a number of students staring at you with disgust. You burp again, and looks of distaste greet your natural bodily function. You have similar experiences over the course of the next couple of days. Finally, you conclude that belching in public is socially unacceptable. The process that lead you to this conclusion is called. Note-Taking Guide. I suggest only writing down things written in . red. Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning. What was our definition of inductive reasoning (section 2.1)?. Process of looking for patterns, making a conjecture, and then attempting to prove the conjecture true or false. 1. John D. Norton. Department of History and Philosophy of Science. University of Pittsburgh. June 29, 2022. Mangoletsi. -Potts Lectures 2022. Material Theory of Induction. 2. 3. This Talk. 4. There is no.