Key Question Urban Morphology The layout of a city its physical form an structure Berlin Germany With wall above And without wall right What does the urban morphology of the city tell us about the city ID: 595409
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Slide1
How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function?
Key Question:Slide2
Urban Morphology
The layout of a city, its physical form an structure.
Berlin, Germany
With wall (above)
And without wall (right)
What does the urban morphology of the city tell us about the city?Slide3
Functional Zonation
The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions).
Cairo, Egypt
Central city (above)
Housing projects (right)
What does the functional zonation of the city tell us about the city?Slide4
Zones of the City
Central business district (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)Slide5
Modeling the North American City
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model
(Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)Slide6
Three Classical Models of Urban StructureSlide7Slide8
Concentric zone model
A model with five zones.
Zone 1
The central business district (CBD)
Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)
- Zone 2Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use
Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began hereUsually called the transition zoneSlide9Slide10
Concentric zone model
A model with five zones.
Zone 3
The “workingmen’s quarters”
Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2
More stable than the transition zone around the CBD
Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from the ghettosSpreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housingSlide11
Concentric zone model
A model with five zones.
Zone 4
Middle class area of “better housing”
Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network
Commute to work in the CBDZone 5
Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbsSlide12
Concentric zone model
Theory represented the American city in a new stage of development
Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores and sweatshop factories were intermingled with mansions and hovels
Rich and poor, immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders in the same neighborhoodsSlide13
Concentric zone model
In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core
The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning
Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern
This was the city Burgess used for his model
The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zonesSlide14
Concentric Zone ModelSlide15Slide16
Sector model
Maintained high-rent districts were instrumental in shaping land-use structure of the city
Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of their development was one of sectors or wedges Slide17Slide18
Sector model
As high-rent sectors develop, areas between them are filled in
Middle-rent areas move directly next to them, drawing on their prestige
Low-rent areas fill remaining areas
Moving away from major routes of travel, rents go from high to low
There are distinct patterns in today’s cities that echo Hoyt’s model
He had the advantage of writing later than Burgess — in the age of the automobileSlide19
Sector ModelSlide20
Sector model
Today, major transportation arteries are generally freeways
Surrounding areas are often low-rent districts
Contrary to Hoyt’s theory
Freeways were imposed on existing urban pattern
Often built through low-rent areas where land was cheaper and political opposition was lessSlide21Slide22
Multiple nuclei model
The CBD was not the sole generator of change
Rooted
their model in four geographic principles
Certain activities require highly specialized facilitiesAccessible transportation for a factoryLarge areas of open land for a housing tract
Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual associationCertain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same areaCertain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locationsSlide23
Latin American model
More complex because of influence of local cultures on urban development
Difficult to group cities of the developing world into one or two comprehensive modelsSlide24Slide25
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)Slide26
Latin American model
In contrast to today’s cities in the U.S., the CBDs of Latin American cities are vibrant, dynamic, and increasingly specialized
A reliance on public transit that serves the central city
Existence of a large and relatively affluent population closest to
CBD
Inner-city zone of maturityLess prestigious collection of traditional colonial homes and upgraded self-built homes
Homes occupied by people unable to participate in the spine/sectorArea of upward mobilitySlide27
Latin American model
Inner-city
zone of maturity
Less prestigious collection of traditional colonial homes and upgraded self-built homes
Homes occupied by people unable to participate in the spine/sector
Area of upward mobilitySlide28
Latin American model
Zone of accretion
Diverse collection of housing types, sizes, and quality
Transition between zone of maturity and next zone
Area of ongoing construction and change
Some neighborhoods have city-provided utilities
Other blocks must rely on water and butane delivery trucks for essential servicesSlide29
Latin American model
Zone of peripheral squatter settlements
Where most recent migrants are found
Fringe contrasts with affluent and comfortable suburbs that ring North American cities
Houses often built from scavenged materials
Gives the appearance of a refugee campSlide30
Latin American model
Zone of peripheral squatter settlements
Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation that was cut for fuel and building materials
Streets unpaved, open trenches carry wastes, residents carry water from long distances, electricity is often “pirated”
Residents who work have a long commute
Many are transformed through time into permanent neighborhoodsSlide31
Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, often with:
- office complexes
- shopping centers
- hotels
- restaurants
- entertainment facilities
- sports complexesEdge CitiesSlide32
Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.
Urban Realms ModelSlide33
Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)
African City (de Blij model)
Southeast Asian City (McGee model)Slide34
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)Slide35
Disamenity sector –
very poorest parts of the city
eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilSlide36
The African City
(de Blij model)Slide37
Southeast Asian City (McGee model)Slide38
Employing the concepts defined in this section of the chapter, draw a model of the city with which you are most familiar. Label each section of the city accordingly. After reading through the models described in this section, determine which model best corresponds to the model you drew and hypothesize why it is so.