Grammar Basics Some Terms Why Learn Grammar?
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Grammar Basics Some Terms Why Learn Grammar? Knowing grammar will help you learn how to put sentences together. Knowing how to put sentences together will help you become a better writer. Becoming a better writer will help you express
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01
Grammar Basics Some Terms<br>
02
Why Learn Grammar? Knowing grammar will help you learn how to put sentences together.
Knowing how to put sentences together will help you become a better writer.
Becoming a better writer will help you express yourself better as well as get better grades.<br>
Knowing how to put sentences together will help you become a better writer.
Becoming a better writer will help you express yourself better as well as get better grades.<br>
03
FYI Different kinds of words are called…
parts of speech<br>
parts of speech<br>
04
Noun def: nouns can be people, places, and things
ex. dog, homework, Abraham Lincoln, love<br>
ex. dog, homework, Abraham Lincoln, love<br>
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Verb def: a word that shows action, state, or occurrence
ex. walk, will eat, am playing, is<br>
ex. walk, will eat, am playing, is<br>
06
Adjective def: a word that describes a noun
ex. happy, beautiful, tired<br>
ex. happy, beautiful, tired<br>
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Quick Quiz What part of speech is the underlined word?
The dog ran after the cat.
noun<br>
The dog ran after the cat.
noun<br>
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Pronoun def: a word that takes the place of a noun
ex. Josh likes to watch TV.
He prefers sports shows.<br>
ex. Josh likes to watch TV.
He prefers sports shows.<br>
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Adverb def: a word or phrase that modifies an adjective, verb, or another adverb
(modify: to describe or limit)
ex. I am very happy<br>
(modify: to describe or limit)
ex. I am very happy<br>
10
Preposition def: a word used to tell direction, location or time; usually contains a noun and gives more information about something else in the sentence
ex. in, at, for, to, with
The man is in the grocery store.<br>
ex. in, at, for, to, with
The man is in the grocery store.<br>
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Subject def: who or what the sentence is about (will be a noun or noun phrase)
ex. Jessica, the book, returning clothes
Tim plays the guitar.<br>
ex. Jessica, the book, returning clothes
Tim plays the guitar.<br>
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Object def: a noun/pronoun that receives an action of a verb
ex. I sent a letter.<br>
ex. I sent a letter.<br>
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Article (definite & indefinite) definite (specific): the
indefinite (general): a/an
ex. I bought the car. (a specific car my
reader/listener already knew about)
ex. I played a game. (general, not specific)<br>
indefinite (general): a/an
ex. I bought the car. (a specific car my
reader/listener already knew about)
ex. I played a game. (general, not specific)<br>
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Infinitive def: to + base form of verb
ex. to eat, to sleep, to cry<br>
ex. to eat, to sleep, to cry<br>
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Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) def: in English, clauses tend to follow a
subject – verb – object pattern
ex. The company fired the employees.<br>
subject – verb – object pattern
ex. The company fired the employees.<br>
16
Phrase def: a group of words
ex. falling on the floor, in the moonlight<br>
ex. falling on the floor, in the moonlight<br>
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Clause def: a group of words with a subject & a verb
ex. …while I was watching a movie.
I took a shower.<br>
ex. …while I was watching a movie.
I took a shower.<br>
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Independent Clause def: a clause that can be a complete sentence (can have a period)
ex. I opened the door.<br>
ex. I opened the door.<br>
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Dependent Clause def: a clause that cannot be a complete sentence by itself; it needs an independent clause
ex. When I was playing basketball yesterday, I sprained my ankle.<br>
ex. When I was playing basketball yesterday, I sprained my ankle.<br>
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Sentence / “complete sentence” def: a group of words with at least 1 independent clause
ex. Teachers are crazy.<br>
ex. Teachers are crazy.<br>
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Compound Sentence def: more than 1 independent clause, but no dependent clause
ex. I workout at home, and I play video games at home.<br>
ex. I workout at home, and I play video games at home.<br>
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Complex Sentence def: one independent clause, and at least 1 dependent clause
ex. My parents washed my car while I was on vacation.<br>
ex. My parents washed my car while I was on vacation.<br>
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Compound-complex Sentence def: more than 1 independent clause, and at least 1 dependent clause.
ex. After I get home from school, I clean my room, and my mom makes dinner.<br>
ex. After I get home from school, I clean my room, and my mom makes dinner.<br>
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Fragment def: a group of words with a period at the end, but is not a complete sentence (it is missing either a subject or a verb)
ex. Waiting at the store. (who was waiting? There’s no subject.)<br>
ex. Waiting at the store. (who was waiting? There’s no subject.)<br>
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Fused Sentence / Run-on def: when two complete sentences (independent clauses) are connected without punctuation or a connecting word
ex. Kelly is on the track team she is very good.<br>
ex. Kelly is on the track team she is very good.<br>
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Comma Splice def: when two complete sentences (independent clauses) are connected with a comma
ex. Kelly is on the track team, she is very good.<br>
ex. Kelly is on the track team, she is very good.<br>
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Conjunction def: a word that joins or connects 2 parts of a sentence
ex. Birds can fly and lay eggs.<br>
ex. Birds can fly and lay eggs.<br>
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Coordinating Conjunction def: a word that joins or connects 2 independent clauses; these are often called “fanboys”
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
ex. Birds can fly, but dogs can only run.<br>
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
ex. Birds can fly, but dogs can only run.<br>
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Subordinating Conjunction def: a word that makes one clause in the sentence dependent
ex. If I go to the store, I will buy milk.<br>
ex. If I go to the store, I will buy milk.<br>
30
Gerund def: a ”verb” ending in –ing that is used as a noun
ex. eating, swimming, biking
I love swimming.<br>
ex. eating, swimming, biking
I love swimming.<br>
31
Participle def: a verb ending in –ing that is part of a “complete” verb in a specific verb tense
ex. Joel is taking his test.<br>
ex. Joel is taking his test.<br>
32
Parallelism / Parallel Structure def: when you use the same “kinds” of words or phrases in a sentence or list
ex. Tom is happy, rich, and going to college.
Tom is happy, rich, and smart. (all adjectives)<br>
ex. Tom is happy, rich, and going to college.
Tom is happy, rich, and smart. (all adjectives)<br>
33
One last thing… There are many more grammar terms. You can find them online or on the grammar boot camp website.
It is possible for a word or phrase to be more than one of the grammar terms at the same time.
ex. Paul threw a ball. (ball is a noun, and the object)<br>
It is possible for a word or phrase to be more than one of the grammar terms at the same time.
ex. Paul threw a ball. (ball is a noun, and the object)<br>
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Nouns Woohoo!<br>
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What are nouns again? def: a person, place or thing
What are the nouns in the sentence?
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.<br>
What are the nouns in the sentence?
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.<br>
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Different Kinds of Nouns<br>
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Different Kinds of Nouns Concrete: nouns that can interact with out senses (you can see, taste, touch, hear, and smell them)
ex. airplane, sandwich, key<br>
ex. airplane, sandwich, key<br>
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Different Kinds of Nouns Proper nouns: names of people, places or things;
ex. George Bush, Canada, The Matrix
What is special about these nouns?
They use capital letters.<br>
ex. George Bush, Canada, The Matrix
What is special about these nouns?
They use capital letters.<br>
39
Different Kinds of Nouns Abstract nouns: these are nouns we cannot experience with our 5 senses; they are ideas
Ex: love, death, religion, success
I cannot smell, taste, touch, hear, or see these things, but I can experience them.<br>
Ex: love, death, religion, success
I cannot smell, taste, touch, hear, or see these things, but I can experience them.<br>
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Different Kinds of Nouns Count nouns: count nouns are nouns that I can…count; they can be made plural
ex. 1 paper, 2 papers, 3 papers<br>
ex. 1 paper, 2 papers, 3 papers<br>
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Different Kinds of Nouns Noncount nouns: nouns that are group or collective nouns, and cannot be counted or pluralized
ex. homework, research, happiness, popcorn
I have 2 homeworks.
I have some homework. <br>
ex. homework, research, happiness, popcorn
I have 2 homeworks.
I have some homework. <br>
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Different Kinds of Nouns Sometimes you will see people ”pluralize” noncount nouns, but it’s a trick. See below:
I want 2 coffees, please.
What are they really saying?
I want 2 cups of coffee, please.
*Coffee is a noncount noun.*<br>
I want 2 coffees, please.
What are they really saying?
I want 2 cups of coffee, please.
*Coffee is a noncount noun.*<br>
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How can I find a noun? First, try to decide if it’s a person place or thing.
After that, you can try adding an article (a/an, the) before it.
If the article “fits” it is probably a noun.
a cat the pool a eat the happy <br>
After that, you can try adding an article (a/an, the) before it.
If the article “fits” it is probably a noun.
a cat the pool a eat the happy <br>
44
How can I find a noun? You can also try to make the noun a subject and put a verb with it- if it make sense, it’s probably a noun.
ex. try adding “is good” to a word
Love is good.
Happily is good. <br>
ex. try adding “is good” to a word
Love is good.
Happily is good. <br>
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Pronouns YAY!<br>
46
What are Pronouns again? def: a word that takes the place of a noun
ex. he, she, I, who, this
The chickens are eating.
They like worms a lot.<br>
ex. he, she, I, who, this
The chickens are eating.
They like worms a lot.<br>
47
Different Kinds of Pronouns Subject pronouns: these pronouns are used as subjects in a sentence
ex. We are hungry.
Subject Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they<br>
ex. We are hungry.
Subject Pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they<br>
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Different Kinds of Pronouns Object pronouns: these pronouns are used as objects in a sentence
ex. They threw me the ball.
Object Pronouns
me, you, him, her, it, us, them<br>
ex. They threw me the ball.
Object Pronouns
me, you, him, her, it, us, them<br>
49
Different Kinds of Pronouns Relative pronouns: these pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun/pronoun
ex. Tiffany, who is a teacher, made ice cream.
Relative Pronouns
who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever, that<br>
ex. Tiffany, who is a teacher, made ice cream.
Relative Pronouns
who, whom, whoever, whomever, which, whichever, that<br>
50
Different Kinds of Pronouns Reflexive pronouns: these pronouns refer back to the subject of a sentence within the same sentence
ex. Terry cut down the tree himself.
Reflexive Pronouns
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves<br>
ex. Terry cut down the tree himself.
Reflexive Pronouns
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves<br>
51
Different Kinds of Pronouns See the handouts or the grammar boot camp website for more pronouns.<br>
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Verbs Whoa!<br>
53
What are Verbs again? def: a word that shows action, state, or occurrence
What is the verb in the sentence?
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.<br>
What is the verb in the sentence?
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.
John owns a bike, two cats, and 6 shoes.<br>
54
How can I find a Verb? Look for a word that does an action.
ex. People help other people.
Look for a word that shows a state of being
ex. Jimmy is happy.<br>
ex. People help other people.
Look for a word that shows a state of being
ex. Jimmy is happy.<br>
55
Things to Know about Verbs Verbs show tense (time)
past | present | future
Yesterday, I walked to school.
Today, I go to homeroom.
Tomorrow, I will see my friends.<br>
past | present | future
Yesterday, I walked to school.
Today, I go to homeroom.
Tomorrow, I will see my friends.<br>
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Things to Know about Verbs Verbs can be more than one word
ex. The students are doing their homework.
I turned in my homework.<br>
ex. The students are doing their homework.
I turned in my homework.<br>
57
Things to Know about Verbs Verbs can show action or a state
Action: The horse ran through the gate.
State of being: The spaghetti is hot.<br>
Action: The horse ran through the gate.
State of being: The spaghetti is hot.<br>
58
Things to Know about Verbs An –ing verb is never by itself (don’t confuse with a gerund)
ex. I camping today.
I am camping today. <br>
ex. I camping today.
I am camping today. <br>
59
Things to Know about Verbs What are helping verbs?
Helping verbs are verbs that “help” the main verb.
ex. may, might, are, do, did, was
I might go to the party.<br>
Helping verbs are verbs that “help” the main verb.
ex. may, might, are, do, did, was
I might go to the party.<br>
60
Things to Know about Verbs What are the “be / to be” verbs?
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been<br>
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been<br>
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Things to Know about Verbs What are the “do” verbs?
do, does, did, doing, done<br>
do, does, did, doing, done<br>
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Things to Know about Verbs What are the “have” verbs?
have, has, had, having<br>
have, has, had, having<br>
63
Things to Know about Verbs What are modal verbs?
Modal verbs (modals) show us degree
can, could, might, have to, must, should, would, ought to
These verbs can’t be conjugated. They connect with a main verb.<br>
Modal verbs (modals) show us degree
can, could, might, have to, must, should, would, ought to
These verbs can’t be conjugated. They connect with a main verb.<br>
64
Things to Know about Verbs What are phrasal verbs?
Phrasal verbs are verbs that include a verb and another word like an adverb or preposition
ex. break down, fit in, break out<br>
Phrasal verbs are verbs that include a verb and another word like an adverb or preposition
ex. break down, fit in, break out<br>
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Verb Tenses There are 12 different verb tenses in English.
Keep in mind that some verbs are “irregular.”
That means that they don’t follow normal rules of conjugation.<br>
Keep in mind that some verbs are “irregular.”
That means that they don’t follow normal rules of conjugation.<br>
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Verb Tenses- Simple Simple Present: base form of verb | -s/-es
We play soccer. He/she/it plays soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that is a fact, habit, or a regular action
ex. Everyday, I eat dinner at 5PM.<br>
We play soccer. He/she/it plays soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that is a fact, habit, or a regular action
ex. Everyday, I eat dinner at 5PM.<br>
67
Verb Tenses- Simple Simple Past: base form of verb + -ed
I walked. They ran (irregular). You cut (irregular).
Used when…
talking about an action that happened in the past and is done<br>
I walked. They ran (irregular). You cut (irregular).
Used when…
talking about an action that happened in the past and is done<br>
68
Verb Tenses- Simple Simple Future: will + base form of verb
I will go to school.
Used when…
doing a future voluntary action, or when giving a promise<br>
I will go to school.
Used when…
doing a future voluntary action, or when giving a promise<br>
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Verb Tenses- Continuous / Progressive Present continuous: ”to be” + verb + -ing
We are playing soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that is happening right now<br>
We are playing soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that is happening right now<br>
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Verb Tenses- Continuous / Progressive Past continuous: past “to be” + verb + -ing
We were playing soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that was done for a period of time in the past<br>
We were playing soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that was done for a period of time in the past<br>
71
Verb Tenses- Continuous / Progressive Future continuous: will + be + verb + -ing
I will be playing soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that will be happening during a certain time in the future.<br>
I will be playing soccer.
Used when…
talking about an action that will be happening during a certain time in the future.<br>
72
Verb Tenses- Perfect Present perfect: have/has + past participle
She has received a degree.
Used for…
an unspecified time before now
ex. I have been to Mexico. (when?)
an action that started in the past but continues until now
ex. She has been a teacher for 5 years. (and still is)<br>
She has received a degree.
Used for…
an unspecified time before now
ex. I have been to Mexico. (when?)
an action that started in the past but continues until now
ex. She has been a teacher for 5 years. (and still is)<br>
73
Verb Tenses- Perfect Past perfect: past had + past participle
She had received a degree.
Used for…
a completed action that came before another past action
ex. She understood the movie because she had read the book.<br>
She had received a degree.
Used for…
a completed action that came before another past action
ex. She understood the movie because she had read the book.<br>
74
Verb Tenses- Perfect Future perfect: will + have + past participle
She will have received a degree.
Used for…
a completed action that will come before another future action
ex. By tomorrow, I will have gained 3 pounds.<br>
She will have received a degree.
Used for…
a completed action that will come before another future action
ex. By tomorrow, I will have gained 3 pounds.<br>
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Verb Tenses- Perfect Continuous (progressive) Present perfect continuous:
have/has + been + verb + -ing
The dog has been chasing the cat.
Used for…
duration from past until now
ex. He has been talking for the past hour.
recently, lately
ex. Recently, I have been feeling a little tired<br>
have/has + been + verb + -ing
The dog has been chasing the cat.
Used for…
duration from past until now
ex. He has been talking for the past hour.
recently, lately
ex. Recently, I have been feeling a little tired<br>
76
Verb Tenses- Perfect Continuous (progressive) Past perfect continuous:
had + been + verb + -ing
The dog had been chasing the cat.
Used for…
duration before something in the past
ex. They had been talking 3 hours before the sun rose.
cause of something in the past
ex. He gained weight because he had been overeating.<br>
had + been + verb + -ing
The dog had been chasing the cat.
Used for…
duration before something in the past
ex. They had been talking 3 hours before the sun rose.
cause of something in the past
ex. He gained weight because he had been overeating.<br>
77
Verb Tenses- Perfect Continuous (progressive) Future perfect continuous:
will + have + been + verb + -ing
The dog will have been chasing the cat.
Used for…
duration before something in the future
ex. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Jenny arrives.<br>
will + have + been + verb + -ing
The dog will have been chasing the cat.
Used for…
duration before something in the future
ex. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Jenny arrives.<br>
78
Verb Tenses- Perfect Continuous (progressive) Future perfect continuous (continued)
Used for…
cause of something in the future
ex. James will be tired when he gets home because he will have been swimming.<br>
Used for…
cause of something in the future
ex. James will be tired when he gets home because he will have been swimming.<br>
79
Verb Tenses- Perfect Continuous (progressive) Future perfect continuous (using going to)
is/are + going to + have + been + verb + -ing
The dog is going to have been chasing the cat for 3 hours before mom gets home.<br>
is/are + going to + have + been + verb + -ing
The dog is going to have been chasing the cat for 3 hours before mom gets home.<br>
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The End Finally!<br>
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Verb Tenses- Simple Simple Present: base form of verb | -s/-es
We play soccer. He/she/it plays soccer.
Simple Past: base form of verb + -ed
I walked. They ran (irregular). You cut (irregular).
Simple Future: will + base form of verb
I will go to school.<br>
We play soccer. He/she/it plays soccer.
Simple Past: base form of verb + -ed
I walked. They ran (irregular). You cut (irregular).
Simple Future: will + base form of verb
I will go to school.<br>
82
Verb Tenses- Continuous / Progressive Present continuous: ”to be” + verb + -ing
We are playing soccer.
Past continuous: past “to be” + verb + -ing
We were playing soccer.
Future continuous: will + be + verb + -ing
I will be playing soccer.<br>
We are playing soccer.
Past continuous: past “to be” + verb + -ing
We were playing soccer.
Future continuous: will + be + verb + -ing
I will be playing soccer.<br>
83
Verb Tenses- Perfect Present perfect: have/has + past participle
She has received a degree.
Past perfect: past had + past participle
She had received a degree.
Future perfect: will + have + past participle
She will have received a degree.<br>
She has received a degree.
Past perfect: past had + past participle
She had received a degree.
Future perfect: will + have + past participle
She will have received a degree.<br>
84
Verb Tenses- Perfect Continuous (progressive) Present perfect continuous:
have/has + been + verb + -ing
The dog has been chasing the cat.
Past perfect continuous:
had + been + verb + -ing
The dog had been chasing the cat.
Future perfect continuous:
will + have + been + verb + -ing
The dog will have been chasing the cat.<br>
have/has + been + verb + -ing
The dog has been chasing the cat.
Past perfect continuous:
had + been + verb + -ing
The dog had been chasing the cat.
Future perfect continuous:
will + have + been + verb + -ing
The dog will have been chasing the cat.<br>