Race and ethnic inequalities An overview of the

slide1. Race and ethnic inequalities An overview of the structural forces that promote racialized forms of injustice<br>
slide2. What is race? Race
a social (not biological) construction which has classified people into different groups based on real or alleged physical characteristics (Feagan et al. 1998)
Much more genetic difference within any given group, than between them
Any two random people from around the globe share about 99.8% of their DNA
All humans descend from a common ancestor
Classification in the conventional socially constructed ideas of race have valued skin-color over more significant traits like anti malaria traits held in common between many Africans and Northern Europeans<br>
slide3. Ethnicity Ethnicity
People who share common cultural characteristics as well as an ethnic identity and heritage (Curry et al, 2008). Politicized culture.
The term has been largely racialized. Sinisa Malesevic (2004: 4) states
“Ethnicity is not a thing or a collective asset of a particular group; it is a social relation in which social actors perceive themselves and are perceived by others as being culturally distinct collectivities”
Concept of who is considered included in various ethnic categories may fluctuate depending on the origin and ethnic understanding of who is speaking. Definitions for inclusion criteria may vary. Labeling often imprecise, but may be more precise than racialized classifications (Malesevic 2004).<br>
slide4. Other important definitions Institutional Racism
Institutionalized practice that differentially and negatively affect members of a ‘subordinate’ racial group (Feagin and Feagin 2012. 2012)
Ideological or individual-level racism
“an ideology that considers a group’s unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct, causal way to psychological or intellectual characteristics, and that in this basis distinguishes between superior and inferior racial groups” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 6).
Stereotype
inaccurate and rigid images that summarize a belief applied to people in a particular category; “an overgeneralization associated with a racial or ethnic category that goes beyond existing evidence” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 15).<br>
slide5. More Definitions Prejudice “Rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people” Macionis 2008)
May be either positive or negative generalizations
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating another culture or ethnic group according to the person’s own cultures norms, values and beliefs Social distance scale
How close people are willing to be with people in a particular category (high social distance indicates negative prejudice)
Discrimination
“Actions carried out by members of dominant groups, or their representatives, that have a differential and harmful effect on members of subordinate groups” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 20).<br>
slide6. Forms of discrimination Isolate
“Harmful action taken intentionally by a member of a dominant racial or ethnic group against members of a subordinate group, without the support of other members of the dominant group in the immediate social or community context” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 20).
Small-group
“Harmful action taken intentionally by a small number of dominant-group individuals acting in concert against members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups, without the direct support of the norms and of most other dominant group members in the immediate social or community context” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 20).
Direct institutionalized
“Organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that by intention has a differential and negative effect on members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 21).
Indirect Institutionalized
“Dominant group practices that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups even though the organizational or community prescribed norms or regulations guiding those actions have been established with no intent to harm” (Feagin and Feagin 2012: 20).<br>
slide7. Where are we now? Rise of open expression of bigotry and racial discrimination
Systematic attacks on major civil rights achievements by targeting DEI. (Puryear)
Conflation of DEI programs with “reverse discrimination” under executive orders insinuating that Black people have obtained their positions not due to merit
Charlottesville 2017
Expression of racial hatred becoming more open; sharpening of racial antagonism
Hate map
Hate group membership is on the rise after dipping from a peak in 2011, 892 in 2015 to 917 in 2016
Ethnic problems abound in the world
Rohingya people of Myanmar face ethnic persecution (extrajudicial killings, systemic rape and other forms of violence) and according to Al Jazeera over 500,000 have fled to Bangladesh trapped in makeshift refugee camps
Israel-Palestine conflict
Palestinians face systemic discrimination in Israel- tried under military law while Israelis are tried under civil law
Refusal to grant permits for housing, school building etc. Administrative demolitions of homes are commonplace<br>
slide8. Where are we now? The Persecution of Immigrants. Targeting of immigrant workers and families through an increase in ICE raids.
Ending of asylum applications from Central America
Forcing individuals to apply for asylum in Guatemala as a ‘safe third country’
Patterns of deportation and ICE raids;
Under W. Bush annual deportations increased from 181,000 in 2001 to 360,000 by the end of his term
Under Obama they increased from 392,000 in 2009 peaking to over 400,000 in 2012-2014. The majority of these did not have a criminal record.
At the same time DACA provided relief to 580,946 unauthorized immigrants (Gonzales-Barrera and Krogstad 2014
ICE raids peaked in Obama’s first term at 297,898 in 2009.
ICE raids under Obama’s second term were lower than under Trump 110,000 in 2015 and 2016 compared to 143,099 in In 2018, under Trump formal deportations actually fell to 337,287
Apprehensions at the Southern Border almost doubled under Trump, reaching 851,508 in 2019
Total repatriations radically increased under the Biden administration while removals fell, as most people were expelled under CDC Title 42 during the Pandemic prohibiting the entry of people from to prevent the spread of COVID (allegedly) although it was seen more of as a thinly disguised deportation.
Even after the end of Title 42, in 2024, Biden repatriated far more than Trump or Obama<br>
slide9. Attacks on Immigrants Deportation of children that qualified for medical deferment: thus individuals who are receiving life saving treatment may now be deported.
Separation of parents and families
Often for minor infractions of the parents including misdemeanor threats, striking workers or DUIs
Holding children in detention facilities in abysmal conditions and the blatant and extreme violation of their human rights. Such actions are only facilitated by a de-humanization of migrants. These detentions are severe violations of international law- it violates the Convention of the Rights of the Child. The U.S. is virtually alone in the world in NOT ratifying the Convention.
In general, the growth of racism, xenophobia and extreme targeting of immigrants reflects the power of demagogues to exploit past political and economic failures. We are witnessing a rise in neo-fascism.
Public acquiescence to systematic forms of social exclusion and ethnic persecution depends on racist ideologies, profound misunderstandings of economics, and absolute ignorance of the causes of immigration, and demographics and sources of crime.<br>
slide10. Spheres of Racial Inequalities Legal/political
Jim Crow
Legal disparities in laws and in their application
Economic
Racialized inequalities manifest in racial disparities in income, employment and wealth
Pager 2003 used an experimental audit study and a factorial design to test the differential impacts of receiving a callback with a criminal record.
Allowed her to test the interaction between race and criminal record on job callbacks- White with criminal record, white without criminal record Black without a criminal record and Black with a criminal record
Test reflects profound levels of racial discrimination
Kim (2015) showed with regression analysis that regardless of native/migratory status, educational level, or field of study African Americans are paid less for their labor
Occupational segregation/ Jim Crow
Housing
Redlining (Discussed ahead)
De facto and De jure segregation<br>
slide11. Spheres of Racial Inequalities Health
Racialized inequality manifested in differential access to care and in differential outcomes
Education
Highly unequal schools- in addition to class impacts- have racially correlated impacts. Results from underfunded schools located in predominately African American and poorer communities.<br>
slide12. Racial Income Inequality in the U.S. Median household income in the U.S. in 2018 according to Census data (Semega 2019)was $63,179.

Ratio of Asian to White income was 1.23 whereas Black to White was 0.59 and Hispanic to White was 0.73<br>
slide13. Percentage in Poverty by Race Official 2018 poverty rate was 11.8% or 38.1 million people. It has fallen from over 45 million people (around 15%) since 2014 (It took about 5 years after the ‘end’ of the great recession to see this recovery in working people’s live). This is in the context of rising costs and largely stagnant wages.
Racial discrimination in the job market.<br>
slide14. Relevant Historical Forces Racial segregation is far more extreme now than in the 19th century. What racialized neighborhoods?
Migratory Patterns
Industrialization attracted immigration to meet demands for labor: Mexicans moved North, Irish, Swedish, and Italian immigrated.
Various ethnic groups tended to form ethnic enclaves in cities
These divisions became racialized as European immigrants assimilated and the ethnic origins became less salient, racialized distinctions became more so.
In the 1930s the U.S. conducted Mexican Repatriation Programs and deported between one and two million Mexican and Mexican American families (U.S. citizens) to Mexico. Four hundred thousand were deported from CA alone (p155).
This resulted from perceived group threat by whites, but repatriated families also faced split-labor market fears and discrimination in Mexico. Mexicans were scapegoated for the capitalist crisis of the 1930s.<br>
slide15. Relevant Historical Forces African Americans migrated North to fill labor shortages created by WWI and WWII. From 1910-1930 1.5 million Black Americans migrated North while from 1940-1960 3 million migrated
While fleeing the Jim Crow South they found themselves “up South” in Northern Cities that also practiced systemic exclusion.
Sun Down Towns did not allow African Americans to be there after dark. They existed throughout the U.S. (Texas had 10, California 6 - including Glendale, Kansas 11, Maryland 2, 18 in Illinois-Cicero was a Sundown town- although now Latinos predominate, 8 in Missouri, 9 in Arkansas, 12 in Indiana, 3 in New York, 7 in Ohio, 12 in Oklahoma –including Greer county and five in NC). These racist ordinances did not end with the end of Jim Crow. In Iowa, New Market had a sundown ordinance through the 1980s.
Racial ‘riots’- attacks on black neighborhoods- also occurred in Northern Cities such as Detroit 1943 and Chicago 1919. They also occurred in the South as well, such as in Beaumont, Texas in 1943. The latter occurred after a black man was falsely accused of raping a white woman.<br>
slide16. Racial Segregation Racial Segregation is measured by the Index of Dissimilarity
Produces a number between 0 and 1 (or 0 and 100) that can be interpreted as the percentage of people of one (socially constructed racial)category that would have to move for there to be an even distribution of people given their overall presence in the broader geographic area. For example, Korver Glenn (p631) reports that Houston has a black index of dissimilarity of 61. These means that sixty one percent of Houston’s Black residents would have to move for Houston African Americans to be spatially integrated.
Wichita Falls ranks as the 156th most segregated city. It has an Index of Dissimilarity of 59.2 according to the Census. (Have some data: You’re welcome) The NORTH is More segregated than the South_ look at who is at the top. Gary, IN, Detroit, Mi etc. Chicago is #5 and 83.6 percent of the population would have to move to integrate it. Lawton OK is one of the least segregated places where the Top 10 are in the North. The most segregated Southern city is Birmingham Al, (it ranks 15th) 77.4. http://www.censusscope.org/us/rank_dissimilarity_white_black.html
“Whites are more likely to live in segregated neighborhoods.” AfrSee Pp 165-167 in Desmond and Emirbayer. However- many cities have hyper segregated areas and African Americans are more segregated than Latinos (who are also highly segregated but less so than African Americans)<br>
slide17. Racial Segregation Segregation
It does not disappear with class- (i.e., it is not simply poorer African Americans or Latinos clustered into a single neighborhood, but these neighborhoods are first clustered by race and then by class).
Racial segregation is produced by redlining (already discussed) and steering- the process by which realtors take whites to white neighborhoods and Blacks to Black or integrated neighborhoods- that preserve racial segregation.
Consequences
Housing discrimination tends to inflate mortgage costs and interest payments of Blacks and Latinos.
Housing value of Blacks and Latinos are generally depreciated. “Studies have shown that black homeowners actually are penalized for purchasing a home: the average black homeowner resides in an area that is more segregated and less prosperous than the average black renter” (Desmond and Emirbayer 2020: 170).
Leads to concentrated poverty, food deserts, with buildings in disrepair and a lower tax base, weakening schools.- Politically, it makes it easier to ignore concerns of areas of concentrated poverty.<br>
slide18. From purchase to foreclosure Although the Fair Housing Act was passed into law prohibiting discrimination in housing sales we have seen continued discrimination in housing and redlining.
Redlining led to exclusion from prime loans for African Americans and a disproportionate number who were targeted for sub-prime loans. This led to a very high number of foreclosures of African Americans that lost their homes in the 2007-2009 economic crisis. Author Laura Gottesdeiner discusses ”A Dream Foreclosed” and how people were resisting eviction. As Occupy Wallstreet chanted “banks got bailed out, we got sold out”<br>
slide19. Eviction Major increase in cost of rent with stagnant wages and a gutting of social programs has created an eviction crisis. Housing cost has tripled in the last three decades as wages remained stagnant!
Eviction is a highly traumatic form of economic violence that lead to downward mobility, and psychological stress. Eviction testimony
Most low income families do not benefit from public housing. “Public housing inventory has fallen by roughly 20% since 1991” Desmond and Emirbayer 2020:172). Further, only about 25% of those who qualify for housing vouchers or other form of social assistance receive it.
African American and Latino families are more likely to rent – (in part this reflects the discrimination in the housing market) and thus have borne much of the burden of the skyrocketing increases in rent. The percentage of African Americans and Latinos paying over half of their income on rent or housing has increased over the past twenty years to about 25% (Desmond and Emirbayer 2020: 173).<br>
slide20. Anti- Chinese Immigrant Discrimination in the U.S. Many Chinese migrated to California to mine gold in the mid-19th century. By 1850 “foreign miners in California were forced to pay an extra tax, on e that fell heavily on Chinese workers” (Desmond and Emirbayer 2018:68).
Chinese individuals were stereotyped and depicted “as parasitic, soulless and criminal”. They were blamed for the White economic troubles.
Lynching of Chinese followed. “In 1871, a white mob lynched, shot and torched 21 Chinese immigrants in Los Angeles” (ibid 2018: 69. Similar violence occurred in Denver and at Union Pacific Railroad.
1875 Page Law- sought to prohibit entry to all Chinese prostitutes, but effectively was brought to restrict the immigration of Chinese women.
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882- prohibited all Chinese immigration to the U.S.<br>
slide21. Immigration Act of 1917Areas of Prohibited Migration<br>
slide22. Some History of Anti-Immigrant discrimination to the U.S. Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907
U.S. does not formally prohibit Japanese from migrating in exchange for Japan prohibiting emigration to the U.S.
Immigration Act of 1917
Asians officially defined as ‘not-white’ “And, of course, the task of defining citizenship eligibility let courts to construct Asians as a nonwhite group” (Desmond and Emirbayer 2018: 69)
Extended exclusion to the rest of Asia. It further imposed an $8.00 tax on all immigrants, required passing of literacy tests to enter the U.S. for any migrant over 16. It barred people it considered ‘undesirable’ including contract laborers, anarchists, epileptics, criminals, feeble minded individuals, ‘idiots’, insane persons, paupers, the infirm, vagrants and ‘political radicals’ (read socialists and communists).
Excluded countries included China, India (under British colonialism)m Burma, Afghanistan, Arabia (modern day Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Bahrain), Iran, Iraq, Easter part of the USSR, and most of Polynesia.
Allowed temporary Mexican labor, and had exclusion provision for Asians of high professions including lawyers, doctors and teachers.<br>
slide23. A History of Exclusion Immigration Act of 1924
Prohibited ALL immigration from Asia. Did not include China, because the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 remained in force. Formally barred Japanese immigrants.
Put a quota of 165,000 immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere. Quotas placed on Eastern and Southern Europeans
Received support from the KKK and the AFL (for different reasons)- AFL feared split labor markets which pushed them to an embarrassingly reactionary position
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
Officially prohibited immigration of communists and anarchists and classified them as deportable aliens.
Set quotas to 2000 people from the “barred Asiatic Zone”<br>
slide24. Theories about prejudice Scapegoat theory
Argues that prejudice arises from frustration experienced by categories of people that face socio-economic difficulties, when they seek to find another category of people to blame for their troubles
Authoritarian Personality Theory
States that some people who grow up in environments with little education and demanding parents look to see themselves as better and dominating of others. People with this trait tend to accept Social Darwinist logic.
Culture theory
Racism as a product of cultural education- as evidence by people in discriminated categories holding on to prejudiced ideas of people outside their own category. It is also argued that the tendency to conform, and not to confront racist paradigms encourages its continuation<br>
slide25. Structural Functionalism Racism seen as crisis of values, a social psychological phenomenon.
Follows ethnicity based theory optimism that racial prejudice will be overcome by assimilation.
“[I]nclusion would be advanced, first by legal action, then by politics, and finally by state based guarantees of social citizenship and even redistribution of resources” (Omi and Winant 2015:35).
Argues that discriminated minorities serve society by getting menial work accomplished, although it does not claim that this is moral or desirable
They argue that those with lower education will find menial labor, but they will gradually rise through the social structure as education and skill levels rise (Curry et al. 2008)
Tends to deny the structural, historical and recalcitrant nature of racism, confining their conceptions to the individual and social psychological level. Imagined a “steady progress towards inclusion” (Omi and Winant 2015:35).
By the 1970s, as a part of ethnicity theory, became reactionary. Blind to the ways that racism interacted with capitalism, colonialism, and imperialism<br>
slide26. Symbolic Interaction “Consciousness of Kind” A feeling of being ‘part of a group’ and different from people outside the ‘group’. This results from an external process of blurring within category distinctions. SI holds this as a necessary condition for the social construction of a race
Homogenization: Although African American, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and Native Americans are each composed of diverse ethnic groups their internal distinctions were blurred. Their internal ethnic distinctions were reduced and combined into these simple categories.
Racial fluidity: People change their racial classification from one category to another or are perceived at different times to be members or different racialized categories (Saperstein and Penner 2012).
Negative representations of racial categories through media<br>
slide27. Park’s “Race Relation Cycle” and Gordon’s ‘Stages of Assimilation’ Melting pot theories
Race relations cycle
“Fundamental social forces, such as out-migration, lead to recurring cycles of contact and assimilation in intergroup history” (Feagin and Feagin 2012 :30)
Argues that race relations passes though stages of “contact, competition, accommodation and assimilation” (ibid :30).
Gordon “stages of assimilation”
Viewed immigrant ethnic groups as gradually assimilating to the dominant White Anglo-Protestant culture through cultural assimilation or acculturation
Focused on assimilation of new immigrants into the dominant cultures primary groups. Although he ignored much of the different dimensions of discrimination in secondary groups (institutions, corporations organizations)<br>
slide28. Assimilation Cont. Gordon “stages of assimilation”
Seven types or stages of assimilation
Cultural assimilation- adaptation of dominate groups cultural patterns by the new migrants
Structural Assimilation- The entry into primary groups of the core society by the new migrants
Marital assimilation- “significant intermarriage”
Identification assimilation - identifying with the dominant culture
Attitude-receptional assimilation – “absence of prejudice or stereotyping”
Behavior-receptional assimilation- “absence of intentional discrimination”
Civic Assimilation- ‘absence of value or power conflict’ (Feagin and Feagin 2012 :30)<br>
slide29. Some problems with assimilation theories Cultural pluralist critique of assimilation goal
Argues that each culture has the right to retain their heritage without having to assimilate culturally to the dominant culture.
This implies that culture’s should retain their fundamental uniqueness and not be subject to economic, political or social exclusion
Failure of many ethnic/racial migratory groups to ‘assimilate’
Impact of discrimination on migratory groups alienates them from the dominant culture and enhances a sense of identity with their culture of origin<br>
slide30. Conflict theory Racism as a tool to rationalize exploitation
Development of racism coincides with the need to rationalize and legitimize the crimes of slavery and colonialism
Racism can also be imbibed and be damaging to ones self image, leading people not to challenge exploitative relationships
Holds that the power structure benefits by keeping the working classes divided by issues of race so they do not work together to challenge capitalist power
Split-labor market (Bonacich)<br>
slide31. Internal colonialism Colonial analogy
The internally colonized entity is subjected to control by the dominant ethnic group within the same country just as the colonized nation is subjected to the control of a foreign ethnic group for the benefit of the mother country
The internally colonized entity does not have control over their own institutions just as the externally colonized entity does not have control over theirs
External colonialism is characterized by the exploitation of the raw materials and labor of the colonized nation; the internally colonized population is characterized by both by high proletarianization and/or being out of the formal economy altogether.
Just as classical colonialism leads to underdevelopment, dependent relationships, comprador bourgeoisies, so does internal colonialism lead to a mal-development of community, dependency and stagnation<br>
slide32. Native Americans Settler-Colonialism
At the 15th century Native American were several million in the US (Dunbar-Ortiz 2014:10) estimates 15 million in US 100 million in Americas) , but by 1900 they were reduced to about 250,000, now there are roughly 4.1 million in the US (Curry et al 2008).
In 1838 the US forced 16,000 Cherokee on a death march from Carolina to Georgia in which a quarter died.
In the 1600s, The British policy of Separation had declared all lands West of Appalachia to be Native American lands. This was followed by expulsion and extermination under the US government.<br>
slide33. Native Americans The US systematically expelled many Native American Tribes from their lands forcing them on to reservations
Reservation life sought to replace their language(s) with English, and to replace their religious perspectives with Christianity (forced assimilation)
Acquired right to citizenship in 1924<br>
slide34. Native Americans cont. Restoration, a policy of the 1930s, encouraged tribes to restore their cultural traditions, to adopt their own governments and become legal entities
26.6% live in poverty, compared to a 12.3% national average; 12.7 % have a college education, compared to 28% of the US population (US Census Bureau 2007)
On December 29th 1890, The US 7th Calvary Regiment committed an unprovoked massacre on the Lakota Pine Reservation of Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee as fears spread of an indigenous tradition called The Ghost Dance<br>
slide35. African Americans Slave trade/ institutions of slavery: cruelty of the trade, transport, conditions, exploitation, ‘deculturalization’
First group brought to Virginia as slaves in 1619- Slaves were imported at roughly 5000 a year between 1740 and 1760
13 Amendment outlawed slavery; 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all people born in the US and the 15th amendment granted the right to vote (revoking Dred Scott which denied African Americans citizenship
Jim Crow laws: institutionalized racism into two castes
Victims of lynching campaigns in the South between 1882 and 1930- Ida B Wells an African American woman former slave led a successful campaign to end lynching
Tulsa Massacre<br>
slide36. African Americans cont. Brown vs. Board of Education ruled that segregated school were illegal
African Americans have had to struggle against the psychological damage of racism to confront imposed notions of inferiority leading to Black Power movement
Today 1/3 of African American families have a middle class income with roughly 1/4 living in suburbs. The majority (the other 2/3s) are working class (Curry et al 2008).
In 2010, median income for AA was $38,269 or 63.7% of of the national average, or 56% of a non-Hispanic white family income . In 2006, 18.5% college education and 24.3% live in poverty)
Multiple studies (Kim 2015; Mandel and Smeynov 2016) find racial disparities of pay after controlling for education, skill level, stem field and occupation, suggesting widespread racial discrimination<br>
slide37. Hispanic Americans (Latinos) Includes people from all over Latin America
Mexican Americans face ugly stereotypes of Mexicans as lazy, criminal and uneducated, earn on average about 70% of what White Americans earn, and roughly 1/3 live in poverty. Undocumented workers face even greater challenges
Puerto Rican Americans face similar difficulties, have a median family income 22% lower than African Americans and 43 percent lower than White Americans
Cuban Americans are relatively well off, reflect migration waves from Cuba- political and economic roughly 15% have college degrees- some tension with African Americans
Zoot Suit Riots- US marine service men attacked (mostly) Mexican youths in Los Angeles California ‘for being unpatriotic”<br>
slide38. Asian Americans Chinese Americans arrived during the gold rush in 1849, many ended up working on railroads.
1882 US passed the Chinese Exclusion Act to prohibit Chinese immigration- repealed in 1943.
With a decrease in the demand for Chinese labor, xenophobic attitudes rose and anti-Chinese riots broke out, where many were victims of lynchings and their homes and businesses were looted<br>
slide39. Asian Americans Japanese Americans originally immigrated to fill labor demand, but anti Japanese attitudes increased and racist legislation was passed prohibiting them from owning farmland.
120,000 were placed in internment camps in world war II, they were arrested and lost their homes and business solely because they were Japanese
Many other ethnic groups from Asia and South Asia have also immigrated including Indians, Filipinos, Laotians ,Vietnamese, Thai, Cambodians and Indonesians<br>
slide40. Arab Americans Arab world is diverse with 22 nations represented
Diverse group including non Arabs such as Berbers, and Kurds
Arab culture differs among Arab societies.
Majority are Muslim, but there are many Christian Arabs
Hate crimes and against Arabs are up along with an increase in social distance due to an entire category of people being blamed for the attacks of 9/11.<br>
slide41. White Ethnic Americans Term White Ethnic recognizes diverse ethnic heritage and social disadvantage of many White people
Racism against the Irish was virulent and paralleled discrimination faced by other categories and ethnic groups
Congress has enacted quotas limiting immigrants<br>
slide42. Macro-level Racist Hate Crimes in History) Genocide and expulsion of Native American peoples (small pox, Seminole War
The Holocaust
Slavery, Jim Crow, Grandfather clause, Rosewood,
Up to 300 killed in Tulsa Riots w/10,000 African Americans left homeless, Tuskegee syphilis experiment
3,402 recorded lynchings of African Americans and 1,295 Whites between 1882-1956
String of White anti-Black race riots in 1900 (NYC), 1917 and 1919<br>
slide43. Macro-level Racist Hate Crimes in History 120,000 Japanese placed in internment camps, laws which prohibited Japanese from owning farmland
Anti-Chinese riots and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Rwanda/Burundi Genocide
Apartheid South Africa<br>
slide44. Macro-level Racist Hate Crimes in History) Genocide and expulsion of Native American peoples (small pox, Seminole War
The Holocaust
Slavery, Jim Crow, Grandfather clause, Rosewood,
Up to 300 killed in Tulsa Riots w/10,000 African Americans left homeless, Tuskegee syphilis experiment
3,402 recorded lynchings of African Americans and 1,295 Whites between 1882-1956
String of White anti-Black race riots in 1900 (NYC), 1917 and 1919<br>
slide45. COINTELPRO 101<br>