REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY Exam Topics Related to India
Description: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY Exam Topics Related to India The Importance of Culture In India Culture describes how people live their lives Can include descriptions of ethnic origin, language, religion, foods, festivals India has 1.2 Billion people
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slide1. REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY Exam Topics Related to India<br>
slide3. The Importance of Culture In India Culture describes how people live their lives
Can include descriptions of ethnic origin, language, religion, foods, festivals
India has 1.2 Billion people and its population is growing
Its culture has been influenced by British colonialism, European migrants and migrants from other parts of Asia<br>
slide4. India - Culture There is cultural Diversity throughout India
Several different regions can be recognised by the differences in Language and Religion
There are over 1,600 languages spoken in India
Language – India can be divided into 2 Regions from a language perspective.
In the far north of India in the mountainous regions, (Himalayas) people speak languages related to Tibetan and Chinese
In Southern Regions, people speak Dravidian languages.<br>
slide5. India - Culture The Dravidian language group has over 200 million speakers and is unrelated to other languages used in India
Hindi is the official language of India and is spoken throughout the country
English was brought to India with the British colonisation and is still the language of Business and Commerce<br>
slide6. India - Culture Religion – Also used to define regions in India
India has 2 main religions – Hinduism and Muslim
Majority of people are Hindi and this religion is found throughout the country
A minority of the population is Muslim and they tend to live in the north along the Indus and Ganges river plains
They would have tended to settle along the north as their ancestors would have been Muslim traders from the east
People living in this region converted to Ilam over the yearsa<br>
slide7. India - Culture 1947 after independence from Britain the region was divided into 2 States – India and Pakistan
Pakistan is the Islamic state and India is the Hindu state.
However, the partition has caused many problems. Over 12 million people were displaced and moved between regions as they did not wish to remain in the newly – created states
They wished to be with people of their own religion
Muslims moved to Pakistan and Hindus moved to India.<br>
slide8. The Development of Mumbai Mumbai is in western India
It is an island Mega-City with 23 million people
The second largest city in the world after Tokyo
Originally made up of seven islands joined together by reclaimed land
In the 17th century trade with Britain and Europe lead to a significant growth of the city<br>
slide9. Mumbai Mumbai was controlled by the East India Trading company – developed it into a major trading port and built sea defences
The city attracted many merchants from Europe and Asia – it was politically stable and allowed religious freedom
Mumbai had a population of 60,000 by end of 17th century<br>
slide10. Mumbai Religious conflict between Muslims and Hindis in 19th century forced many people to flee to Mumbai from other areas of the subcontinent
The beginning of Rural-Urban migration and this led to a large increase in the population
The second half of the 19th century saw the development of cotton spinning and weaving to supply the British Empire with textiles
Mumbai developed further with the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt which made the transport distance between Mumbai and Europe much shorter
It became a stop-off point between Europe and Asia<br>
slide11. Mumbai Nowadays it is the Financial Capital of India
The centre of Bollywood Film Industry – much more substantial than Hollywood
The largest port in India – 25% of India’s International Trade
The rapid growth though has caused problems which are typical of Mega-Cities – Pollution/Crime/Slums (Bustees)
Almost 10 Million live in slums in Mumbai<br>
slide12. Mumbai Dharavi is the largest slum in Mumbai
It originated as an area where migrants from rural areas of India first settled. They did not have money or permission to locate here but did so anyway
Dharavi was originally a swamp on the edge of the city but now is a prime development area in the city of Mumbai
It is a problem for planners and developers<br>
slide13. Mumbai State officials have planned to demolish Dharavi and move the slum residents to apartments elsewhere in Mumbai
They have planned an 800 Million Euro development of Business Parks/Restaurants/Universities/Hotels for the site
However, before this happens they must build new areas for the slum dwellers to relocate
They plan to develop new suburbs on the edge of the city which may further increase Urban Sprawl<br>
slide14. Agriculrure in India<br>
slide15. Factors Affecting Agriculture in India 2 Factors – Climate and Soils
Factor 1: Climate
A Tropical climate with highs of 20-32 degrees celcius throughout the year which influences the types of crops grown
The climate allows for the growth of crops such as: Rice and Sugar Cane which require high temperatures
The amount of rainfall in India is controlled by the effect of Monsoon<br>
slide16. India - Agriculture Monsoon is a reversal of wind patterns over the continent which creates 2 seasons
Wet season – June-September and Dry season October – June
The monsoon rains control the type of crops grown by people and when they can be planted or harvested
If the rains are late or bring low rainfall, irrigation, planting and crop yields are affected
In the Wet season thirsty crops such as Rice are grown in the Eastern half of India along the Ganges Valley and the Eastern Ghats
Rainfall can total over 2,500mm
In the Dry season Millet is grown throughout India<br>
slide17. India Agriculture In drier regions of the North-West, Wheat, Maize, Chickpeas are grown
Tropical climate is also suited to Tea Production.
Asam State in in the North-East is a major supplier of tea to world markets
The extreme North-West has the Thar Desert and the desert soils are unsuited to most crops. However, Cotton and Millet bare grown in areas where irrigation is used<br>
slide18. India - Agriculture Factor 2: Soils
Soils have an influence on the pattern of agricultural production in India
In South-West (Kerala State) deep fertile soils are found. They are used for the production of coffee. It is the largest coffee producing state in India
In the Ganges Valley the soils are wet, clay, rich in alluvium. A result of the Ganges flooding its floodplain annually
In very far North, the high relief (mountains) has caused the formation of thin, infertile soils and results in subsistence farming – eg Goat Herding<br>
slide19. Agriculture - India Northern States of Assam/Himachal/Pradesh have well drained, well aerated, red coloured soils and are used for Tea Production<br>
slide20. India - Secondary Activities SteelProduction/Electronics/Pharmaceuticals/Software
2 Factors have influenced industrial development –
Government Influence
Availability of Raw Materials
Indian secondary sector was very underdeveloped prior to independence in 1947
Most industrial development was focused on food processing and textiles<br>
slide21. Secondary Activities Only 2% of the workforce was employed in manufacturing
Industry was located in Colonial cities established by British -- Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai
Post Independence Government policy was to spread industry across India and into rural areas
This was done by investment in local craft industries and food processing – Labour Intensive Industries<br>
slide22. Secondary Activities These industries used locally sourced raw materials
Also developed fertiliser production and manufacture of agricultural machinery
Despite this Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai remain the main drivers of secondary activities<br>
slide23. Secondary Activities India has major advantages for Industry – eg. Resources and large supply of Labour
Well-educated – but low-cost workforce
Indian government has invested heavily in education and Indians value education very highly
India has more third level graduates than USA and Canada combined
About 40% have engineering and science degrees<br>
slide24. Secondary Activities These advantages have attracted many multinational companies in the high-tech- software sector/Back Office Operations
Skilled Indian graduates can be employed at less than one third of the cost of European or American workers
Bangalore is the centre of the Indian software with high profile companies like IBM located there – India’s Silicon Valley<br>
slide25. Secondary Activities Raw materials are widely available throughout India for traditional industries
Iron Ore and Coal near Kolkata – as a result Kolkata is the centre of Iron and Steel Industry – TATA STEEL CO.
Transport has also helped develop industry – Infrastructure is very poor outside the main cities especially roads
Industries therefore locate in the major cities as transport network is superior
Mumbai is the main port. Pharmaceutical Industry is located in Mumbai to take advantage of this and keep costs low<br>
slide26. India - Tourism Largest service industry in India – 10% of employment and 6% GDP
Approximately 5 million tourists visit annually – USA and UK are main visitors
2 Factors have influenced the development of tourism in India –
Physical Factors
Human Factors<br>
slide27. India - Tourism Very varied landscape due to its vast size eg. Mountains, river valleys, plateaux, desert, rainforest, beaches
Himalayas attract thousands of climbers and trekkers to Northern India every year
Eco-tourism is a developing sector in the south – west of the country
Likewise the beaches in the south are extremely attractive for tourists and offer great potential
Goa in the South – West is a renowned holiday resort<br>
slide28. India - Tourism Human attractions are quite diverse in India
The ‘Golden Triangle’ of the cities of Delhi, Agra and Jaipur in Northern India attract many tourists. They are well connected by trains and luxury coaches
Kerala in the south has many temple festivals throughout the year which attract religious tourists and is a popular honeymoon destination<br>
slide29. India - Tourism Tourism in India has its problems – Poverty in the mega-cities has restricted people form visiting in large numbers
Internal tourism has yet to grow as so many people cannot afford to take holidays in India
India is a long-haul destination for Europeans and Americans and the distance and expense restrict tourists from coming in larger numbers<br>
slide30. India - Tourism Terrorist bombings – eg. Mumbai in 2008 have had a negative impact on foreign tourists
The Indian Tourism Development Plan has been established to promote India as a destination abroad. It aims to increase international tourist numbers to 8 million by 2015
Improved airport access and development of luxury hotels in cities like Mumbai and Bangalore will help as will the development of the road infrastructure
Since 2000 there has been an increase of internal tourism due to wealthy IT workers from Bangalore and Chennai heading to the south-west coast on ‘Monsoon Holidays’<br>
slide31. India – Population Distribution India has a population of aprx. 1.2 Billion but it is unevenly distributed
The 2 main reasons for the uneven distribution are (1)Physical factors – Climate/Relief (2) Human Factors – Availability of jobs and services
Population density is highest along the river valleys, in the narrow coastal plains and in the cities and their hinterlands
Population density is lowest in the Himalays region of the North and The Thar desert area of the North - West<br>
slide32. India - Population The most densely populated zone is along the Indus and Ganges river valleys
The population density here is over 250 per square km
The region has a constant supply water, fertile alluvial soils and flat land
Millions of people live here and survive by intensive subsistence rice farming
Another are of high population density is along the narrow coastal plains of the Eastern and Western Ghats
The region has intensive rice farming and commercial farming of Tea, Coconuts and Cotton
There are lots of plantations of these cash crops so density is loqwer here than in the river valleys<br>
slide33. India - Population The main cities of Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai have very high population densities
Kolkata has a density of over 2,050 per square km – this is mainly due to the high rate of rural-urban migration
Poor people move to the cities in search of a better life – work/education/
Cities such as Chennai and Bangalore attract lots of internal and international migrants seeking work in IT sector
Mumbai is India’s largest port and has many port-related jobs that attract migrants
The high relief of the Himalayas is the main reason for low population density in Northern India<br>
slide34. India - Population The steep slopes, snow-covered land, poor soils and poor road infrastructure discourage settlement here
The low population density of 100 per square km in the North-East is mainly due to the Thar Desert
Lack of water prevents agriculture and the population is dispersed among the small communities where water is available<br>
slide3. The Importance of Culture In India Culture describes how people live their lives
Can include descriptions of ethnic origin, language, religion, foods, festivals
India has 1.2 Billion people and its population is growing
Its culture has been influenced by British colonialism, European migrants and migrants from other parts of Asia<br>
slide4. India - Culture There is cultural Diversity throughout India
Several different regions can be recognised by the differences in Language and Religion
There are over 1,600 languages spoken in India
Language – India can be divided into 2 Regions from a language perspective.
In the far north of India in the mountainous regions, (Himalayas) people speak languages related to Tibetan and Chinese
In Southern Regions, people speak Dravidian languages.<br>
slide5. India - Culture The Dravidian language group has over 200 million speakers and is unrelated to other languages used in India
Hindi is the official language of India and is spoken throughout the country
English was brought to India with the British colonisation and is still the language of Business and Commerce<br>
slide6. India - Culture Religion – Also used to define regions in India
India has 2 main religions – Hinduism and Muslim
Majority of people are Hindi and this religion is found throughout the country
A minority of the population is Muslim and they tend to live in the north along the Indus and Ganges river plains
They would have tended to settle along the north as their ancestors would have been Muslim traders from the east
People living in this region converted to Ilam over the yearsa<br>
slide7. India - Culture 1947 after independence from Britain the region was divided into 2 States – India and Pakistan
Pakistan is the Islamic state and India is the Hindu state.
However, the partition has caused many problems. Over 12 million people were displaced and moved between regions as they did not wish to remain in the newly – created states
They wished to be with people of their own religion
Muslims moved to Pakistan and Hindus moved to India.<br>
slide8. The Development of Mumbai Mumbai is in western India
It is an island Mega-City with 23 million people
The second largest city in the world after Tokyo
Originally made up of seven islands joined together by reclaimed land
In the 17th century trade with Britain and Europe lead to a significant growth of the city<br>
slide9. Mumbai Mumbai was controlled by the East India Trading company – developed it into a major trading port and built sea defences
The city attracted many merchants from Europe and Asia – it was politically stable and allowed religious freedom
Mumbai had a population of 60,000 by end of 17th century<br>
slide10. Mumbai Religious conflict between Muslims and Hindis in 19th century forced many people to flee to Mumbai from other areas of the subcontinent
The beginning of Rural-Urban migration and this led to a large increase in the population
The second half of the 19th century saw the development of cotton spinning and weaving to supply the British Empire with textiles
Mumbai developed further with the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt which made the transport distance between Mumbai and Europe much shorter
It became a stop-off point between Europe and Asia<br>
slide11. Mumbai Nowadays it is the Financial Capital of India
The centre of Bollywood Film Industry – much more substantial than Hollywood
The largest port in India – 25% of India’s International Trade
The rapid growth though has caused problems which are typical of Mega-Cities – Pollution/Crime/Slums (Bustees)
Almost 10 Million live in slums in Mumbai<br>
slide12. Mumbai Dharavi is the largest slum in Mumbai
It originated as an area where migrants from rural areas of India first settled. They did not have money or permission to locate here but did so anyway
Dharavi was originally a swamp on the edge of the city but now is a prime development area in the city of Mumbai
It is a problem for planners and developers<br>
slide13. Mumbai State officials have planned to demolish Dharavi and move the slum residents to apartments elsewhere in Mumbai
They have planned an 800 Million Euro development of Business Parks/Restaurants/Universities/Hotels for the site
However, before this happens they must build new areas for the slum dwellers to relocate
They plan to develop new suburbs on the edge of the city which may further increase Urban Sprawl<br>
slide14. Agriculrure in India<br>
slide15. Factors Affecting Agriculture in India 2 Factors – Climate and Soils
Factor 1: Climate
A Tropical climate with highs of 20-32 degrees celcius throughout the year which influences the types of crops grown
The climate allows for the growth of crops such as: Rice and Sugar Cane which require high temperatures
The amount of rainfall in India is controlled by the effect of Monsoon<br>
slide16. India - Agriculture Monsoon is a reversal of wind patterns over the continent which creates 2 seasons
Wet season – June-September and Dry season October – June
The monsoon rains control the type of crops grown by people and when they can be planted or harvested
If the rains are late or bring low rainfall, irrigation, planting and crop yields are affected
In the Wet season thirsty crops such as Rice are grown in the Eastern half of India along the Ganges Valley and the Eastern Ghats
Rainfall can total over 2,500mm
In the Dry season Millet is grown throughout India<br>
slide17. India Agriculture In drier regions of the North-West, Wheat, Maize, Chickpeas are grown
Tropical climate is also suited to Tea Production.
Asam State in in the North-East is a major supplier of tea to world markets
The extreme North-West has the Thar Desert and the desert soils are unsuited to most crops. However, Cotton and Millet bare grown in areas where irrigation is used<br>
slide18. India - Agriculture Factor 2: Soils
Soils have an influence on the pattern of agricultural production in India
In South-West (Kerala State) deep fertile soils are found. They are used for the production of coffee. It is the largest coffee producing state in India
In the Ganges Valley the soils are wet, clay, rich in alluvium. A result of the Ganges flooding its floodplain annually
In very far North, the high relief (mountains) has caused the formation of thin, infertile soils and results in subsistence farming – eg Goat Herding<br>
slide19. Agriculture - India Northern States of Assam/Himachal/Pradesh have well drained, well aerated, red coloured soils and are used for Tea Production<br>
slide20. India - Secondary Activities SteelProduction/Electronics/Pharmaceuticals/Software
2 Factors have influenced industrial development –
Government Influence
Availability of Raw Materials
Indian secondary sector was very underdeveloped prior to independence in 1947
Most industrial development was focused on food processing and textiles<br>
slide21. Secondary Activities Only 2% of the workforce was employed in manufacturing
Industry was located in Colonial cities established by British -- Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai
Post Independence Government policy was to spread industry across India and into rural areas
This was done by investment in local craft industries and food processing – Labour Intensive Industries<br>
slide22. Secondary Activities These industries used locally sourced raw materials
Also developed fertiliser production and manufacture of agricultural machinery
Despite this Kolkata/Mumbai/Chennai remain the main drivers of secondary activities<br>
slide23. Secondary Activities India has major advantages for Industry – eg. Resources and large supply of Labour
Well-educated – but low-cost workforce
Indian government has invested heavily in education and Indians value education very highly
India has more third level graduates than USA and Canada combined
About 40% have engineering and science degrees<br>
slide24. Secondary Activities These advantages have attracted many multinational companies in the high-tech- software sector/Back Office Operations
Skilled Indian graduates can be employed at less than one third of the cost of European or American workers
Bangalore is the centre of the Indian software with high profile companies like IBM located there – India’s Silicon Valley<br>
slide25. Secondary Activities Raw materials are widely available throughout India for traditional industries
Iron Ore and Coal near Kolkata – as a result Kolkata is the centre of Iron and Steel Industry – TATA STEEL CO.
Transport has also helped develop industry – Infrastructure is very poor outside the main cities especially roads
Industries therefore locate in the major cities as transport network is superior
Mumbai is the main port. Pharmaceutical Industry is located in Mumbai to take advantage of this and keep costs low<br>
slide26. India - Tourism Largest service industry in India – 10% of employment and 6% GDP
Approximately 5 million tourists visit annually – USA and UK are main visitors
2 Factors have influenced the development of tourism in India –
Physical Factors
Human Factors<br>
slide27. India - Tourism Very varied landscape due to its vast size eg. Mountains, river valleys, plateaux, desert, rainforest, beaches
Himalayas attract thousands of climbers and trekkers to Northern India every year
Eco-tourism is a developing sector in the south – west of the country
Likewise the beaches in the south are extremely attractive for tourists and offer great potential
Goa in the South – West is a renowned holiday resort<br>
slide28. India - Tourism Human attractions are quite diverse in India
The ‘Golden Triangle’ of the cities of Delhi, Agra and Jaipur in Northern India attract many tourists. They are well connected by trains and luxury coaches
Kerala in the south has many temple festivals throughout the year which attract religious tourists and is a popular honeymoon destination<br>
slide29. India - Tourism Tourism in India has its problems – Poverty in the mega-cities has restricted people form visiting in large numbers
Internal tourism has yet to grow as so many people cannot afford to take holidays in India
India is a long-haul destination for Europeans and Americans and the distance and expense restrict tourists from coming in larger numbers<br>
slide30. India - Tourism Terrorist bombings – eg. Mumbai in 2008 have had a negative impact on foreign tourists
The Indian Tourism Development Plan has been established to promote India as a destination abroad. It aims to increase international tourist numbers to 8 million by 2015
Improved airport access and development of luxury hotels in cities like Mumbai and Bangalore will help as will the development of the road infrastructure
Since 2000 there has been an increase of internal tourism due to wealthy IT workers from Bangalore and Chennai heading to the south-west coast on ‘Monsoon Holidays’<br>
slide31. India – Population Distribution India has a population of aprx. 1.2 Billion but it is unevenly distributed
The 2 main reasons for the uneven distribution are (1)Physical factors – Climate/Relief (2) Human Factors – Availability of jobs and services
Population density is highest along the river valleys, in the narrow coastal plains and in the cities and their hinterlands
Population density is lowest in the Himalays region of the North and The Thar desert area of the North - West<br>
slide32. India - Population The most densely populated zone is along the Indus and Ganges river valleys
The population density here is over 250 per square km
The region has a constant supply water, fertile alluvial soils and flat land
Millions of people live here and survive by intensive subsistence rice farming
Another are of high population density is along the narrow coastal plains of the Eastern and Western Ghats
The region has intensive rice farming and commercial farming of Tea, Coconuts and Cotton
There are lots of plantations of these cash crops so density is loqwer here than in the river valleys<br>
slide33. India - Population The main cities of Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai have very high population densities
Kolkata has a density of over 2,050 per square km – this is mainly due to the high rate of rural-urban migration
Poor people move to the cities in search of a better life – work/education/
Cities such as Chennai and Bangalore attract lots of internal and international migrants seeking work in IT sector
Mumbai is India’s largest port and has many port-related jobs that attract migrants
The high relief of the Himalayas is the main reason for low population density in Northern India<br>
slide34. India - Population The steep slopes, snow-covered land, poor soils and poor road infrastructure discourage settlement here
The low population density of 100 per square km in the North-East is mainly due to the Thar Desert
Lack of water prevents agriculture and the population is dispersed among the small communities where water is available<br>