All Rights Reserved 2008 1 NEW DISASTER PREPAREDNESS TRAINING TRIANGLE OF LIFE 2 Copyright Digital 2000 Inc and Doug Copp All Rights Reserved 2008 Doug Copp Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the American Rescue Team International ARTI the worlds most experienced rescue team ID: 250969
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008
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NEW DISASTER PREPAREDNESS TRAINING
TRIANGLE OF LIFE
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide3
Doug Copp Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the American Rescue Team International (ARTI), the world’s most experienced rescue team, the Canadian International Rescue Organization (CIRO), CBP, GOER, AKUT…
Has crawled inside 894 collapsed buildingsWorked with rescue teams from 60 countriesFounded rescue teams in many countriesTrained thousands
of rescuers.
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INTRODUCTION
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide4
A member of many rescue teams throughout the world United Nations (UNX051-UNIENET) expert in Disaster Mitigation for two years.
Prior to his 911 injuries, Doug had worked at almost every major disaster in the world since 1985, except for simultaneous disasters
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide5
Doug is adamant in trying to improve disaster preparedness/training throughout the world. He knows that some of the old methods
JUST DON’T WORK.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Based upon Doug’s experience in thousands of collapsed buildings, he is not a fan of Duck and Cover. Let’s look at why he thinks Duck and Cover should be eliminated in disaster training.
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DUCK AND COVER
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide7
Duck and Cover was first introduced during the Cold War as a means of “protection” from any nuclear blast that would occur should a nuclear weapon be detonated, near you.
If you saw a nuclear flash; while at a picnic, the commercial taught you that you would be saved
or protected by covering
your head with
a newspaper
or a blanket!
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Experience has shown that an individual who ducks under a piece of furniture during an earthquake, that furniture will be crushed by the impact of other sources compacting it, in turn crushing the individual. Duck and Cover leaves the individual virtually in a
non-survivable position. Statistically, throughout the world, most dead victims are recovered squashed under desks when the flimsy legs snap.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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In some advanced countries, such as Japan and Korea, their building standards in many cases are much higher than the United States. Nevertheless, futuristic Kobe suffered $300 billion damage to its skyscrapers.
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BUILDING STANDARDS/MATERIALS
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Most people who get under a doorway when buildings collapse are killed.
If you stand under a doorway and the door jamb falls forward or backwardYou will be crushed by the ceiling aboveIf the door jamb falls sidewaysYou will be cut in half by the doorway
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DON’T STAND IN DOORWAYS
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide11
The first element to be damaged by an earthquake in a high rise building are the bolts that hold the elevator rails in place. Therefore,
DON’T USE THE ELEVATOR during an earthquake.
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ELEVATORS AND STAIRS
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide12
Buildings fall in one of 4 different directions depending on the earthquake’s epicenter. Either left to right or backward to forward. That is where the building will fall. Like a rock in a pond. The building will swing back and forth until there is structural damage and the building collapses.
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BUILDINGS FALL FOUR WAYS
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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When the shaking starts
Lie down NEXT
to something heavy and strong, rather than duck
UNDER
it. That is where a “
TRIANGLE OF LIFE
” will form if the building collapses –
a void where you can be safe.
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TRIANGLE OF LIFE
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide14
When buildings collapse, the weight of the ceiling collapse upon the objects or furniture inside compacts these objects, leaving a survivable space or void next to them.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide15
During the bridge and highway collapses from a California earthquake, you can see the crushed vehicles. Anyone in the vehicle could not survive, but had they been on the outside of the vehicle, they would have survived.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide16
Below is the picture of a desk that was partially compressed by the collapse of the roof during an earthquake. The desk was not totally compressed and forms the
Triangle of Life. Notice the space next to the desk is still large enough to protect someone lying next to the desk. See that the flimsy leg is the first part of the desk to be damaged. This little leg will NOT protect you.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide17
Had a person been under the desk however (had they been practicing “Duck and Cover”) they would have been crushed when the roof fell and the legs of the desk collapsed. You need to be ‘protected’ by the whole object not depending on the flimsy leg.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide18
Most people who simply “duck and cover” when buildings collapse are generally crushed to death.
Cats, dogs and babies often curl up in the fetal position which is a natural safety/survival instinct.
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BASIC EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Wooden buildings are the
SAFEST type of construction during an earthquake with a 90% survivability rate.Wood is
Flexible
Moves with the force of the earthquake
If the wooden building collapses, large survivable voids are created.
The wooden building has less concentrated, crushing weight.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide20
Brick buildings break into individual bricks when the mortar crumbles.
Bricks will cause many injuries. Stay 10 ft away from the brick wall so the bricks cannot fall on you.Bricks will cause fewer squashed bodies than concrete slabs.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide21
If you are in bed during the night and an earthquake occurs, simply
roll off the bed.A safe void will exist around the bed. The best place to be is between twin beds. The second best place is at the foot of the bed. In this test, the dummies under the bed had their heads chopped off.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Hotels can achieve a much greater survival rate in earthquakes simply by posting a sign on the back of the door of every room telling occupants to
LIE DOWN ON THE FLOOR NEXT TO THE BOTTOM OF THE BED or IN THE SPACE BETWEEN TWIN BEDS during an earthquake.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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If an earthquake happens and you cannot easily escape by getting out of the door/window,
lie down and curl up in the fetal position next to a sofa, heavy object or large chair. Let the big object take the ‘hit’ from the falling ceiling…not your body.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide24
Most people who get under a doorway when buildings collapse are killed.
If you stand under a doorway and the door jamb falls forward or backwardYou will be crushed by the ceiling above
If the door jamb falls sideways
You will be cut in half by the doorway
STAY AWAY FROM DOORWAYS IN AN EMERGENCY!
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008 Slide25
Stairs may be your only escape route. The stairs have a different “moment of frequency difference” which means they swing separately from the main part of the building in an earthquake.
The stairs and remainder of the building continuously bump into each other until structural failure of the stairs takes place. Even if the building doesn’t collapse, stairs may be damaged.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Stairs
Are a likely part of the building to be damagedMay collapse later when overloaded by fleeing people
Should always be checked for safety even when the rest of the building is not damaged
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Get near the outer
walls of buildings or outside of them if possible.Better to be near the exterior of the building rather than the interior, preferably 10-15 ft. from the outside wall to avoid falling bricks hitting you.The farther inside you are from the outside perimeter of the building, the greater the probability that your escape route will be blocked. This means that the entire building will need to be removed from above you before you can be rescued because you cannot be rescued from the side.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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People inside their vehicles are crushed when the road above falls in an earthquake and crushes their vehicles. Parking garages can easily have a 100% survival rate.
GET OUT and sit/lie next to the vehicle
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Offices with a lot of paper Large voids are found surrounding stacks of paper, just like cardboard balers.
You can compact paper or cardboard only a tiny amount and then it becomes capable of supporting tremendous weight.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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In 1996 a disaster crew collapsed a school and a home with ten mannequins using the "duck and cover" and ten mannequins using the "triangle of life" method of survival.
Basically, the mannequins in duck and cover were crushed, others would have survived. You can view this scientific test and much more at www.amerrescue.org
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Doug has personally survived 3 building collapses. It is dangerous and scary but you can survive with correct actions. There’s no guarantee, but the Triangle of Life gives you a fighting chance of survival.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Training makes a difference. Experience makes a difference. The first logical thing to do when solving a problem is to understand the problem then you can find the solution. Understand that people survive in survivable voids. They are killed when they get crushed under objects.
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EXPERIENCE MATTERS IN DISASTERS
Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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We know that it’s an uphill battle to change people’s thinking about things they have been taught and believed for so many years, such as Duck and Cover. This is normal for all important changes.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
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Doug Copp and his team’s experience in disaster rescues and the reality of survivability voids or Triangle of Life should be considered. Training and knowledge are two important parts of disaster preparedness. Just make sure you’re armed with the proper knowledge and information.
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Copyright Digital 2000, Inc . and Doug Copp
All Rights Reserved, 2008