How did the Allied Powers respond to Russias decision to withdrawal How did US citizens the home front prepare for WWI List three ways THINKER In preparation for war the US passed the Sedition Act What was this How does this show increased government powers during wartime ID: 1018578
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1. BELLWORK 12/11Make a prediction How did the Allied Powers respond to Russia’s decision to withdrawal? How did U.S. citizens (the home front) prepare for WWI? List three ways!THINKER: In preparation for war, the U.S. passed the Sedition Act. What was this? How does this show increased government powers during wartime?
2. RemindersToday: End of WWI!Tomorrow: Treaty of Versailles!Monday: Term card work & review! Late/missing work due!
3. End of WWIGermany’s surrender and Treaty of Versailles
4. Key Events of 1915 & 1916:Russian retreatGermany launches unrestricted submarine warfareAllies invade Ottoman EmpireArmenian Genocidehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSchiqWIB6gItaly joins AlliesStalemate on Western Front
5. German Advances (1915 & 1916)
6. 1916: British troops invade the O.E. and fund revolts against the government
7. Key Events of 1917:Germany occupies countries in EastA-H losing to ItalyUS joins the warRussia begins to demobilize & negotiate end of warRevolts & Allied advances continue in O.E.Naval blockade of GermanyAllied victories in the Balkans
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11. What happened to Russia?Military starts to fail as soldiers stop fighting and join the revolutionRussia cannot defend against German invasionsTreaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 3, 1918; Russia makes peace with Central Powers; loses territory of Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic states. Effects: Economic downturn and worsening relations with Allied powers….. Why?
12. “The so-called Great Powers have long been exploiting and enslaving a whole number of small and weak nations. And the imperialist war is a war for the division and redivision of this kind of wealth.” - Lenin; 1917
13. Opposition to the TreatyEven though they lost territory and some Bolsheviks opposed it, why do you think Lenin agreed to it?A quick peace was better than a continued war.
14. 1918: Towards the End of WarBritish blockade was starving GermanyIntroduction of tanksAmerican convoy system shut down U-boat attacksGrowing opposition and revolution in empiresAllied powers launch last offensive on August 8, 1918 (100 days)Increase in American troops (1M); Germany has no time to regroup
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18. 1918: Ending the WarAllies surround Central powers = gradual collapseOttoman Empire surrendered & was partitioned (Oct.30)Separate states began declaring their independence from Austria-Hungary (Nov.3)
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21. Division of the Ottoman Empire (1918)Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916): secret division plans between France and Britain to extend spheres of influence in Middle EastDiscuss What problems happened as a result?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HggqlmsiHjA
22. End of WWIGermany surrenders - November 11, 1918
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26. End of WWI
27. CountriesTotal Mobilized Killed & Died WoundedPrisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % MobilizedGermany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,0581,152,8007,142,55864.9Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,0007,020,00090.0Turkey2,850,000325,000400,000250,000975,00034.2Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,39027,029266,91922.2Total22,850,0003,386,2008,388,4483,629,82915,404,47767.4Grand Total65,038,8108,538,31521,219,4527,750,91937,508,68657.6Central Powers
28. CountriesTotal Mobilized Killed & Died WoundedPrisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % MobilizedRussia12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,0009,150,00076.3France8,410,0001,357,8004,266,000537,0006,160,80076.3British Empire8,904,467908,3712,090,212191,6523,190,23535.8Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,0002,197,00039.1United States4,355,000126,000234,3004,500364,8008.2Serbia707,34345,000133,148152,958331,10646.8Belgium267,00013,71644,68634,65993,06134.9Total42,188,8105,152,11512,831,0044,121,09022,104,20952.3Allied Powers
29. Austro-Hungarians execute SerbiansSerbia lost 850,000 people; about 1/4 of it’s prewar population and ½ of its prewar resources
30. Ypres, Belgium
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34. First German U-Boat fleet to surrender; outside the Tower Bridge in London
35. The Entente in Macedonia. From left to right: a soldier from Indochina, a Frenchman, a Senegalese, an Englishman, a Russian, an Italian, a Serb, a Greek and an Indian
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37. French soldiers being gassed
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39. BELLWORK 12/12: End of WWIReview Wilson’s 14 points on page 154 Which point do you think was the most important at the time? Explain why U.S. citizens, groups, and Senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations. (Specifically Article X of the Covenant) page 156THINKER: In your opinion, what was the biggest factor accounting for Germany’s loss in WWI? Explain!
40. President Wilson’s Plans for PeaceFourteen Points: plan for post-war European Peace. League of Nations: worldwide organization aimed at ensuring security and peace for all its members. Wilson and the American peace commissioners
41. Senator Lodge vs. President Wilson*
42. The Treaty of VersaillesThe establishment of a “permanent peace”………. Or so they thought
43. Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference: January 1919; 27 nations Having been defeated, Germany, Austria & Hungary were excluded Russia formed their own peace with the Central PowersUntil March 1919, controlled by “Council of Ten:” leaders & foreign ministers from England, France, US, Italy & JapanMost of Japan’s & Italy’s ideas were rejected, which left the “Big Three” to solidify agreements
44. Partner DiscussionMake a prediction What do the other Allied countries want out of the Treaty?Do you think all countries should have been included, even if they were on the losing side?
45. The Big ThreeWoodrow Wilson (US)David Lloyd-George (Great Britain)Georges Clemenceau (France)
46. The Big “Four” at Versailles in 1919
47. What did France Want?SecurityRevengeReparationsGermany should pay for the damage caused by invasion!Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future.
48. What did Britain Want?Publically punish the Germans! (Civilians & anti-German sentiment)Privately key trading partner – need to recover! He was also worried about the “disease from the east”…….., communism. A strong Germany would be a buffer against spread of communism.
49. What did America want?Base TofV on 14 pointsGermany should be punished, but not severely. He wanted a fair settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful.Focus on future securityAmerican public & government did not support him isolationism!
50. Treaty of VersaillesOn June 28, 1919 the Allied leaders signed the Treaty of Versailles.Made up of 440 articles (15 sections)Section I; Articles 1-26: Established the League of NationsThe remaining 414 articles were dedicated to punishing Germany
51. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." The War Guilt Clause: Article 231 GERMANY ACCEPTED FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR
52. Terms of the Treaty of VersaillesLegal restrictionsformer German Emperor, Wilhelm II, is to be tried with war crimes Establishment of Provisional GovernmentReparations (payment for damages) - later fixed at 132 billion marks (~ $452 billion in 2015)Territory restrictionsLoss of debated territoriescreated nine new countries out of the former Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian territories.
53. Military RestrictionsArmy reduced to 100,000 men Prohibited to have tanks or poison gas.No air forceThe German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-shipsImport & export of weapons is prohibitedManufacturing of rifles & machine guns was limitedThe area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarized.The Allies were to occupy the debated territories for fifteen years.
54. Germany was forbidden to unite with AustriaMilitary Restrictions
55. Territory Restrictions
56. Territory RestrictionsGermany lost all overseas colonies
57. Territory Restrictions
58. German ResponseGerman protests outside the Reichstag
59. American ResponseWilson’s plans for peace were rejected by Congress due to:IsolationismRepublican/conservative shiftFearful of the spread of radical ideology (Red Scare!)Article X of the League was “collective security.” The US did not want to be required to enter European wars
60. Canada & WWI: ReviewRole of Sam HughesConscription CrisisImpact of WarChanging relationship with the U.S.
61. Term Cards due Monday!
62. Make a prediction…..How do you think German citizens responded to the Treaty? Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the warThe loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.Many felt this would cripple the economyHow do you think Americans responded to the Treaty?
63. Why did the U.S. reject Wilson’s plans for peace???At the peace conference in Versailles, the leaders did not accept many of his 14 points--especially France. Wilson was more concerned with preventing future conflicts and establishing lasting peace, France (and to a lesser extant, Britain) wanted to punish Germany. Wilson realized he would have to compromise, so he prioritized the creation of the League of Nations, which they agreed on. Then, when Wilson came back to the US to try to get the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and join the League of Nations, he faced a lot of opposition from Republican senators. Some, the Reservationists just opposed Article X of the League Covenant because they did not want the United States bound to enter wars, and these Reservationists would have passed the Treaty if Article X was amended. Others, called Irreconcilables were simply political opponents of Wilsons, and wouldn't have ever passed the treaty just because they didn't like Wilson. There wasn't really back and forth with the Democratic congress. The Democrats supported Wilson, the problem was the Republican senators.
64. American ResponseWilson’s personal advisor: Colonel Edward House said the following,“I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris”
65. WWI Interactive map: reviewhttp://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_1_imap.htm