Chapter 5: Drugs Introduction: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 5:

Drugs

Slide2

Introduction:

A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals.

75% of all evidence evaluated in the crime lab is related to drugs.Slide3

Drug Laws

The Controlled Substances Act was enacted in 1970.

This law establishes five schedules of classification for drugs.

These schedules are based on the drug’s potential for abuse, potential for addiction, medical value and International Treaties. Slide4

Controlled Substances Act

Schedule I

—

high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision

Schedule II

—

high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

Schedule III

—

lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence

Schedule IV

—

low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III

Schedule V

—

low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IVSlide5

Controlled Substances Act

Examples of drugs in each schedule are:

Schedule I

- Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Ecstasy and

Methaqualone

Schedule II

– Cocaine, Methadone, Ritalin and

Barbituates

Schedule III

– Codeine and anabolic steroids

Schedule IV

– Valium, Librium and Diazepam

Schedule V

– Codeine in cough syrup and over the counter drugsSlide6

Drug Categories

Drugs can be separated into four main categories:

Narcotics

Hallucinogens

Depressants

StimulantsSlide7

Narcotics

Narcotic is derived from the Greek word

narkotikos

which means numbness or deadening.

Narcotics bring relief from pain and induce sleep.Slide8

Narcotic Drugs

they

relieve pain

by a depressing action on the central nervous system -

analgesics

effects blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate.

regular use leads to

physical

dependence.

most common source is

opium

, extracted from

poppiesSlide9

Narcotics

Opiates

These

drugs are produced from opium, which is a gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the

poppy plant.Slide10

Narcotic

Opiates

The most commonly used narcotic is heroin.

Heroin is water soluble and easily street prepared. Today, street heroin is approximately 35% pure.

Heroin is injected under the skin.

The heroin “high” is accompanied by drowsiness and a feeling of well-being. This lasts for 3-4 hours.

Regular use leads to physical dependence.Slide11

Narcotics

Morphine

-

made directly

from opium

Heroin

-

(

diacetyl

morphine) comes directly from morphine

Codeine

-

present in opium but

is usually prepared synthetically

from morphine and used as a

cough suppressant.Slide12

Synthetic Opiates

OxyContin

(active ingredient oxycodone)

not derived from opium or morphine

some of same physiological effects as opium narcotics.

prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain.

Methadone

another well-known synthetic opiate.

pharmacologically related to heroin

appears to eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects.Slide13

Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers

Analgesics are pain relievers. Examples of over the counter analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen.

These are non-narcotic pain relievers.Slide14

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are drugs that cause marked alternation in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.

The most commonly used hallucinogens are:

LSD

Mescaline

PCP

MarijuanaSlide15

Hallucinogens

Mescaline – derived from a

small, spineless cactus

Used in religious rites

by Native Americans

Hallucinations of death

or other painful

experiences are commonSlide16

Hallucinogens

Marijuana

-

this drug is made from the hemp

plant

Cannabis sativa.

When the leaves, flower, stem, and seed are crushed, the plant secretes a sticky substance called hashish. This contains the hallucinogenic chemical

tetrahydrocannabinol

or

THC. Slide17

Hallucinogens

marijuana is the most well-known and controversial

cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.

derived from the plant

Cannabis

chemical substance responsible for the hallucinogenic properties is known as

tetrahydrocannabinol

, or

THC.Slide18

Hallucinogens

Marijuana is typically smoked, but may be ingested when baked in brownies or cookies.

Marijuana is the most widely abused illegal drug in the United States.

Currently, medicinal marijuana use is legal in 22 states and Washington D.C.

Recreational marijuana is legal in 4 states and Washington D.C.

Recent research suggests that marijuana is not physically dependent, but heavy users do form psychological dependence.Slide19

Marijuana

THC content of

Cannabis

varies in different parts of the plant

decreasing

in the following sequence:

resin,

flowers,

leaves

little THC in the stem, roots or seeds.

THC-rich resin is known as

hashish

- liquid most potent form

Psychological dependency possible but not physically addictiveSlide20

Marijuana

Medical uses:

Reduction of eye pressure in glaucoma patients

Lessen nausea associate with anticancer drugs

Muscle relaxant

Reduces seizures

Physical effects:

increased heart rate

dry mouth,

reddened eyes

impaired motor skills and concentration

frequent hunger

increased desire for sweetsSlide21

Hallucinogens

LSD

(

lysergic acid diethylamide)

Derived from ergot, which is a

type of fungus that attacks

certain grasses and grains.

LSD acts on part of the brain responsible for sensory reception and causes hallucinations.

It is usually absorbed onto blotter paper and sold in

dosage

units.Slide22

Other Hallucinogens

Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD

can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours

users prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactionsSlide23

Other Hallucinogens

Phencyclidine, or PCP

was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic

is often smoked, ingested, sniffed

often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine

is sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet.

first leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to confusion, agitation, depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide. Slide24

Depressants

substances used to depress or slow the functions of the central nervous system.

calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep.

include

alcohol (ethanol),

barbiturates,

sedatives

tranquilizers,

various substances that can be sniffed, such as airplane glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as Freon.

Slide25

Depressants

Alcohol

Barbiturates

ethyl alcohol – product of grain fermentation

Most widely used drug in U.S.

enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain

suppresses the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination

Inhibits judgment, memory, and concentration

“

downers”

are normally taken orally

create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep

Suppress central nervous system

25 used for medical purposes - Phenobarbital one of most common b/c it is slowly absorbed by the body

Quaalude, or “ludes” appeared in 70’s Slide26

Depressants

Methaqualone

- (Quaaludes) a

non-barbiturate depressant, is an

extremely powerful sedative

and muscle relaxer.

Barbiturates are considered safe when taken in prescribed amounts. Physical dependence may develop with prolonged usage.Slide27

Depressants

Tranquilizers

Sniffing

unlike barbiturates produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep

antianxiety drugs such as Valium

immediate effects such as exhilaration & euphoria, slurred speech, impaired judgment and double vision

may cause liver, heart, and brain damage, or even death Slide28

Depressants

Antipsychotics and

Antianxiety

-

These generally produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking facilities or the inducement of sleep.

These drugs can cause psychological and physical dependencies with repeated high levels of usage. Some examples include

Miltown

,

Librium,

Xanex

and Valium.

The use of

antianxiety

drugs has grown dramatically in the past 35 years.

Slide29

Stimulants

Amphetamines

sometimes known as “uppers” or “speed,”

often injected intravenously

cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure.

followed by a period of exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression and loss of appetiteSlide30

Ingredients of MethamphetaminesSlide31

Stimulants

Cocaine

free-base form is known as

crack

is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated

often smoked in glass pipes, and like cocaine stimulates the brain’s pleasure center.

extracted from the leaves of

Erythroxylin coca

causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredomSlide32

Stimulants used to treat ADDSlide33

Cocaine functions as a stimulant, by blocking the normal recycling process of dopamine. This buildup of dopamine contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine. Slide34

Stimulants

In the United States, cocaine abuse is on the rise. Many people are using cocaine to stay awake and improve their ability at work.

The United States spends millions of dollars trying to control the flow of cocaine into the United States. 75% of smuggled cocaine comes from Columbia.Slide35

Club Drugs

synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties)

Include, but are not limited to,

MDMA (Ecstasy),

GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate),

Rohypnol (“Roofies”),

ketamine, and methamphetamine.

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

, (MDMA or Ecstasy)

is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects.

enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions,

seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse.Slide36

Club Drugs

Ecstasy

It

drains the brain of serotonin, allowing users at raves to dance until exhaustion.

Though

ecstasy causes dehydration, drinking too much can cause the brain to swell.

Ecstasy

causes permanent chemical changes to the brain, and damage to the liver, kidney, vision and

heart.

It

can induce panic attacks, memory loss, mood swings and paranoia. Slide37
Slide38

Club Drugs

GHB and Rohypnol

central nervous system depressants

often connected with drug facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery

Ketamine

primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic

in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations.

causes impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression. Slide39

Anabolic Steroids

synthetic compounds

chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone.

often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth.

Side effects include:

unpredictable effects on mood and personality

depression

diminished sex drive

halting bone growth

liver cancer.Slide40
Slide41

Drug-Control Laws

Controlled Substances Act

U.S. federal law

a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse.

establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances

based on a drug’s

potential for abuse

potential for physical and psychological dependence

medical valueSlide42

Schedules of Classification

Schedule I drugs

high potential for abuse

no currently accepted medical use

heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD.

Schedule II drugs

high potential for abuse

have medical use with severe restrictions

cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions.

Schedule III drugs

less potential for abuse

currently accepted medical use

all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, such as codeine and anabolic steroidsSlide43

Schedules of Classification

Schedule IV drugs

low potential for abuse

a current medical use

darvon, Phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium).

Schedule V drugs

must show low abuse potential

have medical use

opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredientsSlide44

Drug Testing Activity

Test each of the simulated urine samples in your basket for the presence of drug using the following procedure:

Place two drops of urine in a spot on the plate

Add one drop of Human

A

ntibody to each spot

Add one drop of enzyme to each spot

Stir each sample with a different toothpick

Wait one minute and record your results in you notes

Check with the table next to you to get the results of the other 4 samples Slide45

Analyzing your results:

Answer the following questions in your notes:

Which urine samples were positive for drugs?

How did you know they were positive for drugs?

Would you consider this a presumptive or confirmatory test?

EXPLAIN

your answer. Slide46

Drug Identification

At a crime scene any item suspected to be a drug has to be submitted to the lab for analysis.

However, at the scene, the investigator will make a tentative identification and complete a presumptive test.

At the lab, the chemist will complete confirmatory tests.Slide47

2 Phases of Drug Identification

Phase 1

Screening test

or Preliminary Analysis

nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number

series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs.

Microcrystalline tests can also be used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents.Slide48

Type of Test

Chemicals

What the Results Mean

Marquis Color

Formaldehyde and

concentrated

sulfuric acid

Heroin, morphine and most

opium-based

drugs will turn the solution purple.

Amphetamines

will turn it

orange-brown

.

Cobalt thiocyanate

Cobalt thiocyanate,

distilled

water, glycerin, hydrochloric acid, chloroform

Cocaine will turn the

liquid

blue.

Dillie-Koppanyi

Cobalt acetate and

isopropylamine

Barbiturates will turn the

solution

violet-blue.

VanUrk

P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, hydrochloric acid,

ethyl

alcohol

LSD will turn the solution

blue-purple.

Duquenois-Levine Test

Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, chloroform

Marijuana will turn the

solution

purple. Slide49

2 Phases of Drug Identification

Phase 2

Confirmation test or confirmational determination

single test that specifically identifies a substance

Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances.

Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance.Slide50

Qualitative VS Quantitative

Another consideration in selecting an analytical technique is the need for either a qualitative or a quantitative determination.

Qualitative

relates just to the identity of the material

Quantitative

requires the determination of the percent composition of the components of a mixture.

http://www.usatoday.com/videos/tech/personal/2013/12/31/4260255/Slide51

Chromatography

is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixture

.

Those materials that have a preference for the moving phase will slowly pull ahead and separate from those substances that prefer to remain in the stationary phase. Slide52
Slide53

Chromatography

The distance a spot travels up a thin-layer plate can be assigned a numerical value known as the

R

f

value.Slide54

The written record of this separation is called a chromatogram. Slide55

Spectrophotometry

Just as a substance can absorb visible light to produce color, many of the invisible radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum are likewise absorbed.

Spectrophotometry, an important analytical tool,

measures the quantity of radiation that a particular material absorbs

as a function of wavelength and frequency.Slide56

Mass Spectrometry

a beam of high-energy electrons collide with a material, producing positively charged ions.

The fragments of these

positive ions

are

separated according to their masses.

The unique feature of mass spectrometry is that under carefully controlled conditions,

no two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern

.

(somewhat

like a “fingerprint”, of the substance being

examined)Slide57
Slide58

Mass Spectrometry Slide59

Collection and Preservation

The field investigator has the responsibility of ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory.

Generally common sense is the best guide, keeping in mind that the package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross-contamination.

Often the original container in which the drug was seized will suffice.

All packages must be marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in the future and establish the chain of custody.