SECTION 1 DEFINING ABNORMAL DEVIATION FROM NORMALITY Abnormality is when a person deviates from the average or majority Limitations cultural norms must be considered and the majority is not always right or best ID: 594435
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CHAPTER 16: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERSSlide2
SECTION 1: DEFINING ABNORMALSlide3
DEVIATION FROM NORMALITY
Abnormality is when a person deviates from the average or majority
Limitations: cultural norms must be considered and the majority is not always right or bestSlide4
ADJUSTMENT
Idea that normal people can function in the world physically, socially, and emotionally
Abnormal is a failure to adjust
Limitations: not all psych disorders are violent or destructiveSlide5
PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
Treats abnormality as a sickness
Uses phrases such as
mental illness
or
mental health
Believe that healthy people should strive for ideal functioning (self-actualization)Problem: How can you tell?Slide6
THOMAS SZASZ
Believed labeling someone as “mentally ill” is damaging
Mentally ill simply have “problems in living”
They are not ill at allSlide7
THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATIONSlide8
DSM-V
Def: the 5
th
version of the American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Used to categorize mental illnessSlide9
DSM AXES
DSM-V uses 5 major dimensions or
axes
:
Axis I: list current symptoms
Axis II: developmental disorders, personality disorders
Axis III: general medical conditions
Axis IV: current stress levelAxis V: highest level of adaptive functioning in the last yearSlide10
ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING
3 major areas:
1) Social relations: quality of relationships
2) Occupational functioning
3) Use of leisure timeSlide11
SECTION 2: ANXIETY DISORDERSSlide12
ANXIETY
Def: a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in dangerSlide13
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
Non-specific anxiety
Fear of the unknown and unforeseen
Neglects relationships
Physical symptoms: muscle tension, inability to relax, furrowed brow, strained face, difficulty sleeping
Causes: stress, trauma, genetics, learningSlide14
PHOBIC DISORDERS
Phobia
: an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation
Specific phobia: fear something specific (dark, snakes, etc…)
Social phobia: fear of embarrassing yourself in public
Phobias range in intensity
Caused by classical conditioning, maintained by operant conditioningSlide15
PANIC DISORDER
Def: an extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks
Panic is a feeling of sudden, helpless terror
Panic attacks: feel a sense of smothering, choking, dizziness, nausea, chest pains
Usually last a few minutesSlide16
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
Obsession
: uncontrollable pattern of thoughts
Compulsion
: repeated coping behaviors
Become a problem when they interfere with what a person needs and wants
Possible genetic causeSlide17
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
Def: disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of flashbacks and dreams
Common among war veterans, survivors of: terrorism, natural disasters, and rapeSlide18
SECTION 3: SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERSSlide19
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Def: physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause
Used to be called “hysteria”
2 major types…Slide20
CONVERSION DISORDER
Def: changing emotional difficulties into a loss of specific voluntary body functions
Usually mild
La Belle Indifference
: calmly accepting the loss of function (shows the problem is psychological)Slide21
HYPOCHONDRIASIS
When a person in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments
Occurs mainly in young adulthood
Equal among genders
Usually caused by repressed emotionsSlide22
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Def: when a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness
Very rareSlide23
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
Def: inability to recall important personal events or info; usually associated with stressful events
Caused by traumaSlide24
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE
Def: when a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past
Could last days or decades
It is an attempt to escape from unbearable conflict or anxietySlide25
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER
Multiple personalities
Def: person exhibits 2 or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving
Usually caused by severe physical, psychological, or sexual abuse during childhoodSlide26
SECTION 4: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MOOD DISORDERSSlide27
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Def: a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions
Affects 1 in 100 (1%)
It is a problem with cognition
Can impair motor functions
Usually experience
Delusions: false beliefs maintained in the face of contrary evidence; or Hallucination
: perceptions with no external causeSlide28
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Incoherence
Disturbance of affect: display inappropriate emotions
Deterioration of normal movement
Decline of level of functioning
Diverted attentionSlide29
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Paranoid type
: hallucinations, delusions of grandeur or persecution
Catatonic type
: remain motionless for long periods of time
Disorganized type
: incoherence, inappropriate emotions, poor motor functionRemission type: symptoms not severeUndifferentiated type
: basic symptomsSlide30
TREATMENT FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA
Long term
Usually requires hospitalization
May lead to “burn out”: patient can no longer function in societySlide31
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Dopamine hypothesis
: idea that schizophrenia is caused by chemical imbalances in the brain
Excess dopamine in certain synapses
Don’t know if it is a cause or a result of schizophreniaSlide32
FAMILY AND INTERACTION
Living in a
pathogenic
(unhealthful) family may add to problems in adult years
Disorganized communication, families on the verge of falling apartSlide33
POSSIBLE CAUSES CONTINUED
Diathesis-stress hypothesis
: states an individual may inherit a predisposition to schizophrenia
For it to develop, must be exposed to an environment with
certain stressorsSlide34
MOOD DISORDERSSlide35
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Def: severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities
Must last at least 2 weeks
Symptoms: problems eating, sleeping, thinking; lack of energy, suicidal thoughtsSlide36
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Def: disorder in which a person alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression
Manic Phase: elation, easily distracted, impulsive
Depressive Phase: low self-esteem, lethargy, despairSlide37
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER
Deep depression during winter
Eat and sleep excessively
Due to less sunlight
This causes a release of melatonin
Treatment: sitting under bright fluorescent lightsSlide38
SUICIDE AND DEPRESSION
Suicidal thoughts are common among the depressed
Reasons for suicide: escape from emotional or physical pain, to punish themselves
Roughly 38,000 each year in U.S.
10
th
leading cause of death in U.S.
More women attempt, but more men are successfulSlide39
THESE CREATURES NEED HELP!Slide40
SECTION 5: PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND DRUG ADDICTIONSlide41
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Def: maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment
Antisocial
: violate rights of others w/o remorse
Dependent
: submissive; need to be taken care of
Histrionic: excessive emotions; seeks attentionObsessive-Compulsive: controlling; perfectionist
Paranoid: distrusts othersSchizotypal: intense discomfort in close relationships; eccentric behaviorSlide42
NARCISSISTIC
“I’m a genius”
“I’m Shakespeare”
“I’m Michelangelo”
“I feel like I’m too busy making history to read it”
“I still think I am the greatest”Slide43
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY
Treat people as objects
Live for the moment
Feel no shame or guilt
Intelligent, entertaining, can feign emotionsSlide44
ORGANIZATION OF PDs
CLUSTER A (Odd Disorders):
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
CLUSTER B (Dramatic, emotional or erratic)
: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
CLUSTER C (Anxious/Fearful):
Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-CompulsiveOTHERS: change due to medication, other specified PD, Personality disorder not otherwise specifiedSlide45
SMURFS BE MESSED UP TOO!Slide46
SERIAL KILLERSSlide47
DRUG ADDICTION
Addiction
: pattern of drug abuse; an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and used the drug
Tolerance
: physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect
Withdrawal
: symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he/she has become addictedSlide48
ALCOHOLISM
Alcohol slows inhibitions
Creates relaxation (it is a depressant)
Perceptions and sensations distort, behavior becomes obnoxious
Violent withdrawal (
delirium tremens)
Use of
antabuse is common (makes one violently ill if alcohol is imbibed)