Geography of Southeast Asia - PowerPoint Presentation

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Geography of Southeast Asia AND OceaniaSlide2

Southeast AsiaSlide3

Southeast Asia: Mainland and Islands

Mainland Southeast Asia lies on two peninsulas

- rectangular Indochinese Peninsula is south

of China

- Malay Peninsula is 700-mile strip south from mainland Slide4

Southeast Asia: Mainland and Islands Malay Peninsula bridges mainland and island archipelagoes

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archipelago

—set of closely grouped islands, often in a curved arc

- Malay Archipelago includes the Philippines & Indonesian islandsSlide5
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Southeast Asia: Mainland and Islands Mountains and Volcanoes

- Island mountains are volcanic in origin, part of Pacific Ring of Fire

- volcanic eruptions, earthquakes are common in region Slide7
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Southeast Asia: Mainland and IslandsRivers - Several large mainland rivers run south through mountain valleys

- spread out into fertile deltas near coast

Natural Resources

- Volcanic activity, flooding rivers create nutrient-rich, fertile soil

Rivers, seas provide fish; some areas have petroleum, tin, gemsSlide9
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Southeast Asia: Mainland and IslandsClimate -

Tropical wet climate

in coastal Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Oceania

- also in most of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines

- High temperatures—annual average of 80 degrees in Southeast Asia

- Parts of Southeast Asia get 100, even 200 inches of rain annually Slide13

Southeast Asia: Mainland and IslaTropical wet and dry climate found in parts of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

- weather is shaped by monsoons

- Monsoon areas often have disastrous weather

- typhoons can occur in region during the wet seasonSlide14
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U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia

1957 – 1975 - U.S. became involved in Vietnam War

- tried to stop Communist control of South Vietnam

1973 - U.S. left & South Vietnam surrendered in 1975

Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos became CommunistSlide16
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An Uneven Economy Agriculture is region’s main income source

- rice is chief food crop

-Myanmar is heavily forested & produces teak wood

Growth of cities is linked to industrialization—growth of industry Slide18
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An Uneven EconomyScarcity of land—in Philippines 3% of landowners hold 25% of land60% of rural families don’t have enough land to

earn a living farming

Population growth—as populations grow, land shortages increase

- farmers divide land among heirs—plots become

too small

Southeast Asian cities have trouble dealing with numerous immigrants Slide20
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An Uneven EconomyHousing availability can’t keep pace - many immigrants live in slums Traffic increases due to workers driving, trucks hauling goods

- creates more pollution, particulates

- 5,000 people a year die from breathing polluted air in Bangkok & ThailandSlide22
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An Uneven EconomyPeople are afraid that the income gap between the rich & poor will cause social unrest & increased crime rates Slide29
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Southeast Asia Review Questions What is an archipelago?What was the United States attempting to prevent

in the Vietnam War?

What are many people afraid that income gap in

Southeast Asia will cause?

How do cities suffer in times of rapid

urbanization?

What type of landform is abundant in the Ring of

Fire?Slide33

OceaniaSlide34

Oceania No one knows how many islands there are in the Pacific

- some estimate there are more than 20,000

- hard to count because islands vanish and new ones appear

As a group, the Pacific Islands are called

Oceania

- includes New Zealand, Australia (a continent, not an island)Slide35

OceaniaThree geographic, cultural regions: -

Micronesia

—“tiny islands”

-

Melanesia

—“black islands” -Polynesia

—“many islands”

Volcanoes

create

high islands

, coral reefs make up

low islands

- most islands are small; total land area is smaller than Alaska Slide36
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Island Life

Traditional Life- fishing & farming economies

(Subsistence Activities)

- taro - starchy root that makes poi—a major crop

- fishing villages on coasts & farming, hunting, & gathering inland Slide38
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Island LifeFew cities, but they’re growing - people move for education, jobs

- fast growth means shantytowns, bad sanitation

- urban dwellers giving up traditional ways

Modern communication links island groups, connects Oceania to world Slide41

Nuclear Tests1940s - Nuclear arms race between U.S., USSR began

U.S. conducted 66 nuclear bomb tests on

Bikini,

&

Enewetak

atolls - atoll - ringlike

coral island, or islands, surrounding a lagoonSlide42
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Nuclear Tests“Bravo” hydrogen bomb test vaporized several islands

- radiation contamination injured or sickened many islandersSlide44
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Nuclear Tests1948

- Bikini Islanders moved to the island of

Kili

- conditions there don’t allow them to fish or grow enough food

Late 1960s - U.S. declared Bikini safe & some islanders return 1978 - doctors found dangerous radiation levels in islanders & islanders left again

1988 - Cleanup of Bikini Atoll began

- still unknown when Bikini will be suitable for humans again Slide46
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Oceania What name are the Pacific Islands known as Name the three regions of Oceania?What do most people in Oceania do for a living?

What does Micronesia mean?

What does Melanesia mean?

What does Polynesia mean?

How were the high island formed?

How were the low islands formed?

Why were the Bikini Atoll inhabitants forced to move?

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New Zealand & Australia Slide49

New Zealand New Zealand has two main islands, North Island and South Island

Southern Alps—300-mile mountain range down center of South Island

- 16 peaks over 10,000 feet; over 360 glaciers

North Island has hilly ranges, volcanic plateau

- fertile farmland; forests for lumber; natural harbors

Few mineral resources, but dams generate electricity Slide50
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New Zealand’s History Originally settled by

Maori

- migrated from Polynesia 1,000 years ago

1769 -

Captain James Cook

explored New Zealand 1840 - Treaty of Waitangi gave Great Britain control of New Zealand

1861 – Gold Rush

1907 - New Zealand became independent Slide54

New Zealand’s Economy Major industry in Australia, New Zealand is food-product processing

New Zealand sells butter, cheese, meat, & wool

1998 - had 15 times more sheep and cattle than people

New Zealand also produces wood, paper products Slide55
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Australia Australia is earth’s smallest & flattest continent

Great Dividing Range

—chain of highlands parallel to east coast

West of range are plains and plateaus Slide57

Australia Climate

- One-third of Australia is desert, located in the continent’s center

- under 10 inches of rain annually; too dry for agriculture

- Few live in dry inland region called the

outbackSlide58
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AustraliaMurray River is largest of continent’s few rivers Little forestry, but rich in bauxite, diamonds, opals, lead, coal Slide62
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AustraliaGreat Barrier Reef—1,250-mile chain of 2,500 reefs, islands Slide65
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Australia’s History Original Inhabitants were

Aboriginal

people

- hunter-gatherers with complex religious beliefs, social structures Slide67
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Australia’s History1770 - Captain James Cook explored Australia

1788 - Britain colonized Australia

- Sydney founded as a penal colony - a place to send prisoners Slide70
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Australia’s History1901 - Australia became independent 1909 to 1969 - 100,000 mixed-race children were taken

(Assimilation)

- raised by white families to promote assimilation (minority group gives up culture &

adopts majority culture)

-Aborigines angrily call these children the

Stolen Generation

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Economy60% of Australia’s jobs are in service industries Australia’s sheep ranching makes it the world’s largest wool exporter

Mining - Australia has diamonds, lead, zinc, opals

- also bauxite, coal, copper, gold, iron ore Slide74

Modern Life in New Zealand & AustraliaBoth countries highly urbanized: 85% of people live in cities, towns

- Australia’s large cities have pollution, traffic problems

- New Zealand’s cities are quiet,

uncrowded

& pollution- free Slide75

Modern Life in New Zealand & Australia In both countries, ranchers live far from cities

Recreation

- Tennis, rugby, soccer, Australian rules football are popular

- New Zealand has skiing, mountain climbing Slide76

Invasion of the Rabbits European colonizers brought animals to Australia, including rabbits

1859 - Thomas Austin released 24 rabbits into Australia to hunt

- one pair can have 184 descendents in 18 months

Australia has over one billion rabbits by 1900Slide77

Invasion of the Rabbits Rabbits stripped sparse vegetation & ruined sheep pastures, caused erosion

- resulted lack of food endangers native animals

Foxes were imported to prey on them ( but also endanger native wildlife)

1950s - they were intentionally infected with

myxomatosis

; 90% die

- ranches then able to support twice as many sheep

- rabbits become immune to disease; back to 300 million by 1990s

- Today a combination of poisons, diseases, fences are usedSlide78
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New Zealand & Australia The overpopulation of what animal damaged Australia’s’ agriculture?

What happened to the Stolen Generation of Aboriginal children?

What did the British want to assimilate the Aboriginal people?

What is the smallest continent?

What purpose did Great Britain originally establish Sidney Australia for?

What was the name of the original inhabitants of New Zealand?

What is the Great Barrier Reef?Slide80

Global Warming Industry damages environment; factories pollute air, water, soil

Damage to the Environment

- Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO

2

) into atmosphere

- CO2

is greenhouse gas—traps sun’s heat

Some scientists fear atmosphere now has too many greenhouse gases

- atmosphere might trap too much heat, raising temperatures

(Global Warming)Slide81

Global WarmingMany disagree with global warming theory - say temperature increases are natural

Ozone Hole -

Ozone layer is high in the atmosphere

- absorbs most of sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays Slide82

Global WarmingIn 1970s, scientists found thinning of ozone layer over Antarctica - called it a hole in the ozone

Chemicals like chlorine in CFCs destroy ozone

- many governments restrict use of such chemicals

- others delay passing laws because they are costly for industry Slide83

Long-Term Effects

Global warming fear: small temperature increase could melt ice caps

- rising seas may swamp coastal cities, Oceania’s low islands

Warming might change evaporation, precipitation patterns

- create violent storms like typhoons and increase droughts

- shift climate zones and agricultural regions, upset economies

Ozone hole

lets in more ultraviolet rays

- cause skin cancer, eye damage, & crop damage