Year 10 IGCSE October 2009 The Age of Enlightenment Believed in progress rising middle class American and French revolutions Humanitarian Idealsreason and knowledge Liberty Equality and fraternity ID: 754668
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Slide1
The Classical Era (1750-1820)
Year 10 IGCSE
October 2009Slide2
The Age of Enlightenment
Believed in progress, rising middle class
American and French revolutions
Humanitarian Ideals/reason and knowledge
Liberty, Equality and fraternity!Slide3
Musical Style
Polyphonic texture
to
simple melodies
Light and graceful music (style gallant)
Epitome of classical music 1770-1820Music printing and increase amateur performancesOpera and concerto grosso becomes symphonySuite became sonataSlide4
Elements of Music Characteristics
Changes of mood
Can be sudden (unlike Baroque) but unified
Rhythm
Flexible (sudden or gradual)
TextureHomophonic – but can change, more vertical schemesMelodyTuneful and sometimes borrowedBalanced and symmetricalDynamicsRange and not just terraced dynamics, crescendos usedpiano instead of harpsichord (1775) – forte piano
Basso Continuo
Obsolete – more amateur friendly – rid improvisingSlide5
Standard Orchestra
Strings, Woodwinds, Brass, Percussion
Larger number of musicians (25-60)
Specific timbres considered
Continuo disappeared
Conductor with baton and clarinet!
More balanced between strings and winds
Orchestra more like that of todaySlide6
Baroque OrchestraSlide7
Classical OrchestraSlide8
Modern OrchestraSlide9
Form
4 movements usually
1. Fast
2. Slow
3. Dance-related movement
4. FastSymphony = 4 movements, orchestra
string quartets = 4 movements, 2 violins, viola, cello
Sonata = one or two instruments (most formal, developed by Haydn and Mozart)
CONTRASTING THEMES in one movement
BALANCE OF SECTIONS (tension resolved)Slide10
Life in Classical Period
Composers affected – breaking free from control
Haydn
Mozart
Beethoven
More public concerts – spread through Europe
Middle class people started playing instruments
More demand for printed music
More comic, vulgarSlide11
Sonata Allegro Form
Single movement form – usually the form of the 1
st
movement of symphony, quartet or sonata
3
sections:ABAExposition:
Development
Recapitulation
CODA
Listen toSlide12
Mozart Symphony No. 40 in G Minor 4
th
Movement
Notes:Slide13
Theme and Variations
Independent piece or as a movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet
BASIC IDEA repeated and changed
This idea can be borrowed or composed
BASIC STRUCTURE:
Listen to: Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 in G Major 2nd MovementSlide14
Notes from ListeningSlide15
Minuet and Trio
Usually as the 3
rd
movement of symphonies and quartets
Triple meter and moderate
A(m)B(t)A(m) - trio quieter usuallySTRUCTURE:Listen to Mozart’s Eine kleine
Nactmusik
3
rd
MovementSlide16
Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 in G Major 2
nd
Movement
Notes:Slide17
Rondo
Independent or as a movement
Lively, regular and conclusive
Tuneful main theme (usually simple) that returns in alternation
STRUCTURE:
Sonata-Rondo STRUCTURE: ABA – Dev - ABASlide18
Classical Symphony
Origin from 17
th
century opera overtures
Extended – 20-45 minutes
Haydn wrote many of the early symphoniesUsually 4 movements with range of contrasts1. fast dramatic (usually sonata form)2. slow lyrical (sonata form, ABA, or T+V), diff key3. dancelike 4. fast heroic (sonata or sonata-rondo)Slide19
Classical Concerto
3 movement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra
Fast (cadenza) (sonata form with 2 expositions)
Slow
Fast (cadenza improvisation) (rondo or sonata-rondo)
then CODA (short)
Interplay of melody lines and cadenzas
Mozart and Beethoven wrote many (star in each on piano)
20-45 minutesSlide20
Classical Chamber Music
Imitate room setting
2-9 musicians – entertain guests
No conductor
STRING QUARTET – a fine art
Usually 2 violin, viola and cello
Usually 4 movements
Fast
Slow
Minuet
Fast
OR sonata (violin/piano), trio (piano, violin, cello), quintetSlide21
Sacred Choral Music
Oratorios and masses were most elaborate in 18
th
century
MASS – Haydn wrote most exuberant masses
Classical sacred music mixes classical MELODY-HARMONY and POLYPHONIC IMITATIONOratorios – musical setting of sacred textComic OperaOpera Buffa – Comic Opera (ie La Serva Padrona by Pergolesi, Mozart`s Don Giovanni)