Lecture 26 Tricia Please mute Hand raised to get attention Note to Tyler record Physics 1240 Lecture 26 Today Language animal sounds Next Digital music Sound recordingplayback ID: 1002584
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1. This is PHYS 1240 - Sound and MusicLecture 26Tricia Please muteHand raised to get attention(Note to Tyler – record!)
2. Physics 1240 Lecture 26Today: Language, animal soundsNext: Digital music, Sound recording/playback physicscourses.colorado.edu/phys1240Canvas Site: assignments, administration, grades Last week of classes – will do a short practice exam Tue, Canvas and send in pdf of work, open book, no use of answer websites or other people (especially students in class)
3. DeadlinesHome Work 10 April 19th11 April 26thHomeLabs 6 April 26th
4. to lungssoft palateto stomach
5. The Vocal TractepiglottisArticulation
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7. Formant frequencies determine vowel soundsRaven Lite/Homelab 6…Try this: x: 15s; y: 5.4 kHz; focus: 800-7000; bright: 50; contrast: 50
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9. F1 and F2 determine different vowelsfrontbackhighlow
10. Classes of speech sounds…Dipthongs – combinations of two vowels that sound as one/are interpreted as one – eg toil, requires shape change in vocal tractGlides – vowel-like, move vocal tract, eg – whenFricatives – consonant sounds that are “noisy” eg - th, ff Sibilants (hissy fricatives) eg ss, sh, Broadband sounds with no harmonic structure, but strengths in different frequency regionsPlosives (stops) – voiced (b,d)/unvoiced (p,t)Build up pressure behind a constriction and release
11. Phonemes: smallest units of soundVowels (vocal tract completely open)Plosives (burst of air through initially closed vocal cords)Fricatives (forcing air through turbulent passageways)Other (Approximants (l, r, w, y), Nasals (m, n, ng))Voiced (vocal cords set to vibrate) vs unvoiced (whispering)Places of articulation: lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, pharynx (throat), epiglottis, glottisDiphthongs: two vowel sounds merged together (e.g. coin, loud, side)
12. Look at how s’s in fathers shoe merge – why do we hear a gap?Can you say “shoe” without moving articulators? (yes….may seem odd)Can you say “out” without moving articulators? No
13. International Phonetic Alphabetˈpɔɪz(ə)nəˈkwɑ.tɪkhəˈwaɪʔi
14. How are you today? haʊ ɑː juː təˈdeɪ? I very much enjoy my physics class aɪ ˈvɛri mʌʧ ɪnˈʤɔɪ maɪ ˈfɪzɪks klɑːspoison ˈpɔɪzənhttps://tophonetics.com/Earl Grey tea is better without milk ɜːl greɪ tiː ɪz ˈbɛtə wɪˈðaʊt mɪlkaquatics əˈkwætɪks (UK)aquatic əˈkwɑtɪk (US)hawaii həˈwaɪˌi
15. Other animals also produce sound!Common mechanisms:Air flow (humans, other mammals, frogs, birds)File and scraper (crickets, grasshoppers, crabs)Vibrating membrane (cicadas)Can you think of others?
16. Air Flow in AnimalsMammals can produce a wide variety of soundsLarynx, resonating chamber
17. FrogsFrogs croak by moving air over their vocal cords and causing them to vibrate. To amplify this sound they make use of the sack at the bottom of their mouth. This sack can stretch out like a balloon and a frog can use this to make the sound they make stronger. Amplifying allows for the sound to travel up to 1 mile away.
18. Baleen WhalesMysticetes (eg Baleen Whale) use only a larynx for sound production. Inside the larynx is a thick, u-shaped, ridge of tissue located adjacent to the larangeal sac, a large inflatable “pouch”. Baleen whales contract muscles in the throat and chest, causing air to flow between the lungs and the laryngeal sac. Alternating expansion and contraction of the lungs and sac drives air across the u-fold, causing it to vibrate and produce sound. Vibrations from the laryngeal sac may propagate through the ventral throat pleats into the surrounding water as sound waves. Changes in the laryngeal sac shape may alter the frequency and/or amplitude of sounds produced.
19. Toothed WhalesToothed whalesNo larynx; phonic lips on foreheadEcholocation
20. BirdsBirds: syrinxSong patterns Timbreshttps://academy.allaboutbirds.org/features/birdsong/how-birds-sing
21. BirdsSyrinx is Greek for “pan pipes”Located at the base of a bird's trachea, it produces sounds without the vocal folds of mammals. The sound is produced by vibrations of some or all of the membrana tympaniformis (the walls of the syrinx) and the pessulus (a bony or cartilaginous bar crossing the lower end of the windpipe of a bird dorsoventrally at its division into bronchi.), caused by air flowing through the syrinx.The syrinx is lacking in the New World vultures (Cathartidae), which can only hiss and gruntSongbirds, and probably other birds, are able to control the right and left halves of the syrinx separately, thus singing with two independent voices.
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25. Lyre Bird
26. DinosaursDinosaurs - Crocs use a larynx to make sounds, and birds use a syrinx. Interestingly, both of these evolved after dinosaurs were extinct…..Not clear dinosaurs made sounds or had ears
27. Insect SoundsStridulation: rubbing two body parts together (file and scraper)Leg-wing (grasshoppers)Wing-wing (crickets, katydids)
28. Insect SoundsStridulation: rubbing two body parts together (file and scraper)Leg-wing (grasshoppers)Wing-wing (crickets, katydids)Cricket as thermometer:Cold-blooded (more heatmeans more energy, fastervibrations) # chirps in 15 seconds
29. Insect SoundsTymbal: vibrating membrane in insects like cicadas
30. Clickers
31. Clicker 26.1 Throat singing is accomplished by:Tightening the vocal folds to produce a second higher pitch adding to the base tone harmonic seriesCreating an audible beat frequency between the first two formantsSinging a very low frequency toneProducing a very narrow formant that accentuates individual higher harmonics
32. The pitch of a vowel sound is determined byA) the frequency of the first formantB) the frequency of the fundamental of the vocal foldsC) both A) and B)D) none of the above Clicker 26.2
33. The type of particular vowel sound of a steady note sung by a vocalist is determined by the A) the frequency of the first two formantsB) the frequency of the vocal foldsC) both A) and B)D) none of the above Clicker 26.3
34. What changes if you have fewer underlying harmonicsA) the formant frequenciesB) pitch of the note1st Formant2nd Formant3rd Formant1230Frequency (kHz)Clicker 26.4
35. It is easier to distinguish different vowels when sung at… higher pitch lower pitch the pitch does not matterClicker 26.5
36. If you sing an “ee” sound, then sing an “uu” sound at the same pitch, what changes?the “ee” sound has all harmonics present, whereas the “uu” sound only has odd harmonics presentthe vocal fold period of vibration changesC) the shape of the frequency spectrum changesClicker 26.6
37. Approximately, what are the frequencies of the first two formants in the “i” sound in word “pit”?A) 400,2200B) 300, 900C) 300, 2500 Clicker 26.7
38. How many vowel sounds are present in the phrase “iced tea”?23456Clicker 26.8
39. What best describes the timbre of the following bird call?Noise followed by nasal soundWhistle followed by noiseNoise followed by buzzNose followed by whistleClicker 26.9/Breakout/Key Points
40. Clicker 26.1 DThroat singing is accomplished by:Tightening the vocal folds to produce a second higher pitch adding to the base tone harmonic seriesCreating an audible beat frequency between the first two formantsSinging a very low frequency toneProducing a very narrow formant that accentuates individual higher harmonics
41. The pitch of a vowel sound is determined byA) the frequency of the first formantB) the frequency of the fundamental of the vocal foldsC) both A) and B)D) none of the above Clicker 26.2 C
42. The type of particular vowel sound of a steady note sung by a vocalist is determined by the A) the frequency of the first two formantsB) the frequency of the vocal foldsC) both A) and B)D) none of the above Clicker 26.3A
43. What changes if you have fewer underlying harmonicsA) the formant frequenciesB) pitch of the note1st Formant2nd Formant3rd Formant1230Frequency (kHz)Clicker 26.4 B
44. It is easier to distinguish different vowels when sung at… higher pitch lower pitch the pitch does not matterClicker 26.5 B
45. If you sing an “ee” sound, then sing an “uu” sound at the same pitch, what changes?the “ee” sound has all harmonics present, whereas the “uu” sound only has odd harmonics presentthe vocal fold period of vibration changesC) the shape of the frequency spectrum changesClicker 26.6 C
46. Approximately, what are the frequencies of the first two formants in the “i” sound in word “pit”?A) 400,2200B) 300, 900C) 300, 2500 Clicker 26.7 A
47. How many vowel sounds are present in the phrase “iced tea”?23456aɪst.tiClicker 26.8 B
48. What best describes the timbre of the following bird call?Noise followed by nasal soundWhistle followed by noiseNoise followed by buzzNose followed by whistleClicker 26.9 A