Literary Terms Short Story and Novel - PowerPoint Presentation

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Literary Terms

Short Story and Novel

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Antagonist

The character directly opposed to the

protagonist. A character or force that is in conflict with the protagonist.

Non-character

entities can be

antagonistic

(settings or events

) for example, Nature

in

Kon-Tiki

.

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Allegory

A form

of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy

.

Thus

an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.

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Mood/Atmosphere

Mood, or atmosphere, is the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage.

Writer’s use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. Often, a writer creates a mood at the beginning of a work and then sustains the mood throughout. Sometimes, however, the mood of the work changes dramatically.

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Character

A character is a person or an animal that takes part in the action of a literary work.

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Character Types

Static character

– a character who remains

the

same.

Dynamic

character

– a character who

changes.

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Character Types

R

ound

character

-

a

major character in a work of fiction who encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat, or minor characters.

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Character Types

Flat Character

- a

literary character whose personality can be defined by one or two traits and does not change in the course of the story

.

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Conflict

Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.

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External Conflict

External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate.

Man vs. Man

Man vs. Nature

Man vs. Society

Man vs. Fate

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Internal Conflict

Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action.

Man vs. Himself

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Characterization

The method a writer uses to reveal the personality of a character.

Direct characterization

: the writer makes direct statements about a character’s

personality.

Indirect characterization

: the writer reveals a character’s personality through the character’s words and actions and through what other characters think and say about the

character.

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Fantasy

Highly imaginative writing with elements not found in real life.

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Flashback

A flashback is a literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events. The flashback interrupts the present action of the plot to flash backward and tell what happened at an earlier time. Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character.

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Foreshadowing

Foreshadowing is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

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Genre

A distinctive class or category of literature

.

Epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, short story, letter, essay, journal, creative nonfiction, poetry are a few of the types of genre.

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Irony

Contrast or discrepancy between expectation and reality—between what is said and what is really meant, between what is expected to happen and what really does happen, or between what appears to be true and what is really true.

There are three types of irony:

Verbal Irony

Situational Irony

Dramatic Irony

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Three Types of Irony

Verbal Irony,

occurs when writer or speaker says one thing, but really mans something completely different

.

Situational Irony,

occurs when there is a contrast between what would seem appropriate and what really happens or when there is a contradiction between what we expect to happen and what really does take place

.

Dramatic Irony,

occurs when the audience or the reader knows something important that a character in a play or story does not know.

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Narrator

Person telling the story

.

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Plot

Plot

is the sequence of events. The first event causes the second, the second causes the third, and so forth. Like the links of a chain the events are interconnected

.

The

plot usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is introduced and developed.

The

conflict then increases by the addition

of complications

, rising action, until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. The climax is followed by the falling action, action that is a result of the climax, the resolution ends the falling action and reveals how the story is resolved in the end.

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Plot Development

Exposition

Resolution

Rising Action

Climax

Falling Action

Narrative Hook—point at which the reader becomes “hooked” and curious about what will happen next.

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Exposition

The exposition is the introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.

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Rising Action

Rising action is the part of the plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.

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Climax

The climax is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

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Falling Action

Falling action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.

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Resolution

The resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict. It is also called the “denouncement” a French word for “unraveling the knot.”

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Point of View

Point of view is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story.

First-person

is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”.

Third-person limited

point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters.

Third-person omniscient

point of view is the point of view where the narrator knows everything there is to know about the characters and their problems. This “all-knowing narrator can tell about the past, present and future. This narrator can also reveal what the characters are thinking. This narrator can also tell what is happening at other places.

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Protagonist

The protagonist is the main character in a literary work.

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Setting

The setting of a literary work is the time and place of the action.

The setting includes all the details of a place and time – the year, the time of day, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home.

Details such as dialect, clothing, customs, and modes of transportation are often used to establish setting.

In most stories, the setting serves as a backdrop – a context in which the characters interact. The setting of a story often helps to create a particular mood, or feeling.

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Suspense

Suspense is the growing interest and excitement readers experience while awaiting a climax or resolution in a work of literature. It is a feeling of anxious uncertainty about the outcome of events. Writers create suspense by raising questions in the minds of their readers.

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Symbol

Person, place, thing, or event that stands for itself and for something beyond itself as well.

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Theme

The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.